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Subdomain

In the Domain Name System (DNS) hierarchy, a subdomain is a domain that is a part of another (main) domain. For example, if a domain offered an online store as part of their website example.com, it might use the subdomain shop.example.com.

The Domain Name System (DNS) uses a tree structure or hierarchy, where the nodes on the tree are domain names. Within this hierarchy, each node represents a domain name, and a subdomain is defined as a subset of a higher-level domain. Each label may contain from 0 to 63 octets. The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 ASCII characters in its textual representation.

Subdomains are typically configured through modifications to the DNS zone file of the parent domain. These modifications can define various record types, including A (Address) records, CNAME (Canonical Name) records, and NS (Name Server) records.

There is some debate in the networking community regarding the proper use of the term "subdomain." Some network professionals define subdomains strictly as names delegated via NS records, while others include any types of zone records which may map to any public IP address destination and any type of server.

According to RFC 1034, "a domain is a subdomain of another domain if it is contained within that domain". Based on that definition, a host cannot be a subdomain, only a domain can be a subdomain. A subdomain will also have a separate zone file with a SOA record (Start of Authority).

Most domain registries only allocate a two-level domain name. Hosting services typically provide DNS Servers to resolve subdomains within that master domain. Many website hosting and content management platforms assign subdomains by default. For example, services such as Wix, GitHub Pages, Webador, Webnode, and Jimdo often provide subdomains under their primary domain (e.g., username.wixsite.com) as part of free or entry-level hosting plans.

A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) consists of multiple parts. For example, take the English Wikipedia domain en.wikipedia.org. The en is a subdomain of wikipedia.org. Although wikipedia.org is usually considered to be the domain name, wikipedia is actually a sub-domain of the org TLD (top level domain). Any fully qualified domain name can be a host or a subdomain.

A domain name that does not include any subdomains is known as an apex domain, root domain, or bare domain. For example, wikipedia.org is the apex domain of Wikipedia, which redirects to the subdomain www.wikipedia.org.

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