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National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
The National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces, commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (SNC), or the Syrian National Revolutionary Coalition (SNRC) was a pro-democracy political organization founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012 during the Syrian Civil War in an attempt to coalesce the various opposition movements to Bashar al-Assad's Ba'athist regime.
The coalition was recognized by several United Nations member states, by the European Union and by the Arab League as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. It included for a time the Syrian National Council, another coalition group which had been previously received diplomatic recognition.
The SNC was based outside Syria until late 2024. Though it established contact with the Free Syrian Army and tried for a time to monitor it through the Supreme Military Council, the SNC initially suffered from a lack of presence on the ground, from internal infighting and from rivalry between foreign powers for influence over it. Originally divided between factions aligned with either Qatar or Saudi Arabia, the SNC came to operate mostly under Turkish influence.
On 18 March 2013, the National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces established the Syrian Interim Government (SIG) which later exercised authority in Turkish-occupied zones of Syria.
The SNC attempted to negotiate with the regime as part of the Syrian peace process. In 2014, the Syrian National Council, which had been the biggest block in the coalition so far, left it in protest at the decision of the coalition to attend the Geneva II Conference on Syria. The Coalition later took part to the Syrian Negotiation Commission and had representatives in the Syrian Constitutional Committee. However, as the civil war was in deadlock and the peace negotiations failed to produce results, the SNC lost clout and came to be considered mostly as Turkey's relay of influence. It lost support from the United States in 2019, and the Arab League withdrew its recognition in 2023. The Syrian National Coalition did not include Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham which eventually played a leading role in toppling Assad's government in 2024.
In late 2024, after the fall of the Assad regime, the SNC relocated from Istanbul to Damascus. In February 2025, the SNC declared its allegiance to the new authorities under Ahmed al-Sharaa and announced that it would dissolve and merge into the Syrian administration.
The National Coalition was formed as an effort to provide a leadership for the various grassroots movements that had started in 2011 the uprising against the Assad regime. The Syrian National Council had so far failed to provide such a leadership and lacked a connection with the activists within Syria, and resisted Turkey and France's pressure to establish a transitional government for Syria. The countries that supported the Syrian opposition, Qatar and the United States in particular, pushed for a new structure that would provide a greater representation to the opposition forces from the liberated areas of Syria.
Riad Seif, a member of the Syrian National Council's executive committee and former Damascus Spring figure, started in August 2012 to discuss his plans for a new structure - then called the "Syrian National Initiative" - with close associates and American officials. On 31 October, American Secretary of State Hillary Clinton publicly stated that the Syrian National Council could "no longer be viewed as the visible leader of the opposition." This caused new dissent within the Syrian National Council, as spokespeople for that organization decried what they called "direct tutelage" by the United States. Seif presented his proposal to the Syrian National Council in September, but his colleagues were deeply divided and delayed making a decision. Eventually, a proposal was published on 1 November which would lead to the formation of the National Coalition ten days later.
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National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
The National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces, commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (SNC), or the Syrian National Revolutionary Coalition (SNRC) was a pro-democracy political organization founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012 during the Syrian Civil War in an attempt to coalesce the various opposition movements to Bashar al-Assad's Ba'athist regime.
The coalition was recognized by several United Nations member states, by the European Union and by the Arab League as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. It included for a time the Syrian National Council, another coalition group which had been previously received diplomatic recognition.
The SNC was based outside Syria until late 2024. Though it established contact with the Free Syrian Army and tried for a time to monitor it through the Supreme Military Council, the SNC initially suffered from a lack of presence on the ground, from internal infighting and from rivalry between foreign powers for influence over it. Originally divided between factions aligned with either Qatar or Saudi Arabia, the SNC came to operate mostly under Turkish influence.
On 18 March 2013, the National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces established the Syrian Interim Government (SIG) which later exercised authority in Turkish-occupied zones of Syria.
The SNC attempted to negotiate with the regime as part of the Syrian peace process. In 2014, the Syrian National Council, which had been the biggest block in the coalition so far, left it in protest at the decision of the coalition to attend the Geneva II Conference on Syria. The Coalition later took part to the Syrian Negotiation Commission and had representatives in the Syrian Constitutional Committee. However, as the civil war was in deadlock and the peace negotiations failed to produce results, the SNC lost clout and came to be considered mostly as Turkey's relay of influence. It lost support from the United States in 2019, and the Arab League withdrew its recognition in 2023. The Syrian National Coalition did not include Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham which eventually played a leading role in toppling Assad's government in 2024.
In late 2024, after the fall of the Assad regime, the SNC relocated from Istanbul to Damascus. In February 2025, the SNC declared its allegiance to the new authorities under Ahmed al-Sharaa and announced that it would dissolve and merge into the Syrian administration.
The National Coalition was formed as an effort to provide a leadership for the various grassroots movements that had started in 2011 the uprising against the Assad regime. The Syrian National Council had so far failed to provide such a leadership and lacked a connection with the activists within Syria, and resisted Turkey and France's pressure to establish a transitional government for Syria. The countries that supported the Syrian opposition, Qatar and the United States in particular, pushed for a new structure that would provide a greater representation to the opposition forces from the liberated areas of Syria.
Riad Seif, a member of the Syrian National Council's executive committee and former Damascus Spring figure, started in August 2012 to discuss his plans for a new structure - then called the "Syrian National Initiative" - with close associates and American officials. On 31 October, American Secretary of State Hillary Clinton publicly stated that the Syrian National Council could "no longer be viewed as the visible leader of the opposition." This caused new dissent within the Syrian National Council, as spokespeople for that organization decried what they called "direct tutelage" by the United States. Seif presented his proposal to the Syrian National Council in September, but his colleagues were deeply divided and delayed making a decision. Eventually, a proposal was published on 1 November which would lead to the formation of the National Coalition ten days later.