Tuberculosis in India is a major health problem, causing about 220,000 deaths every year. In 2020, the Indian government made statements to eliminate tuberculosis from the country by 2025 through its National TB Elimination Program. Interventions in this program include major investment in health care, providing supplemental nutrition credit through the Nikshay Poshan Yojana, organizing a national epidemiological survey for tuberculosis, and organizing a national campaign to tie together the Indian government and private health infrastructure for the goal of eliminating the disease.

India bears a disproportionately large burden of the world's tuberculosis rates, with World Health Organization (WHO) statistics for 2022 estimating 2.8 million new infections annually, accounting for 26% of the global total. It is estimated that approximately 40% of the population of India carry tuberculosis infection.

The cost of this death and disease to the Indian economy between 2006 and 2014 was approximately US$1 billion.

Tuberculosis is one of India's major public health problems. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, India has the world's largest tuberculosis epidemic. In 2020, India accounted for 26% of the incident TB cases across the globe. India has incidence rate of 192 cases per 100,000 of population. India accounted for 38% of global TB deaths among HIV-negative people and for 34% of the combined total number of TB deaths in HIV-negative and HIV-positive people. Further in 2020, India accounted for 24% of global gap between estimated TB incidence and the number of people newly diagnosed with TB and reported. Many research studies have investigated the effects and consequences of TDR-TB, especially in India, where social and economic development is still in progress. A report by Zarir Udwadia, originating from studies at the Hinduja Hospital in Mumbai, discusses the drug-resistant effects and results. An experiment was conducted in January 2012 on four patients to test how resistant and unique the "new category" of TDR-TB is. These patients were given all the first-line drugs and second-line drugs that usually are prescribed to treat tuberculosis, and were resistant to all. As a response, the government of India appeared to stay in denial, while the WHO decided that although patterns of drug-resistance were evident, there was insufficient evidence to create a new category of TDR-TB from these results.

Compared to India, Canada has about 1,600 new cases of TB every year. Citing studies of TB-drug sales, the government of India now suggests the total has gone from being 2.2 million to 2.6 million people nationwide. On March 24, 2019, TB Day, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of India notified that 2.15 million new tuberculosis patients were discovered only in 2018.

In India, tuberculosis is responsible for the death of every third AIDS patient. Moreover, India accounts for about a quarter of the global tuberculosis burden. The ministry reiterated their commitment to eliminating tuberculosis in the country by 2025. As part of its efforts to eliminate tuberculosis, the Union Government changed the name of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) to National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP) on December 30, 2019.

The bacterium that causes TB is called mycobacterium tuberculosis. A person can unknowingly acquire this bacteria and have it lie dormant within them, a condition known as inactive tuberculosis. Active tuberculosis begins when the bacteria starts developing, and the signs and symptoms begin to be visible. Although the TB bacteria can infect any organ (e.g., kidney, lymph nodes, bones, joints) in the body, the disease commonly occurs in the lungs. Around 80% of all TB cases are related to pulmonary or lung.

Common symptoms include: coughing (that lasts longer than 3 weeks with green, yellow, or bloody sputum), weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, chest pain, shortness of breath, and loss of appetite.