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TIAA
TIAA
TIAA
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The Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America-College Retirement Equities Fund (TIAA, formerly TIAA-CREF) is an American financial services organization that is a private provider of financial retirement services in the academic, research, medical, cultural and governmental fields. TIAA is listed on the Fortune 100 and serves over 5 million active and retired employees participating at more than 15,000 institutions and has $1 trillion in combined assets under management with holdings in more than 50 countries (as of December 31, 2017).[2]

Key Information

Profile

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Long organized as a tax-exempt non-profit organization, a 1997 tax bill removed TIAA's tax exemption.[3] It is now organized as a non-profit organization, the TIAA Board of Governors,[4] with taxable subsidiaries; all profits are returned to policyholders.[citation needed]

TIAA bought its Manhattan headquarters building, 730 Third Avenue, in 1955.[5][6] It has major offices in Denver, Colorado; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; and Frisco, Texas; as well as 70 local offices throughout the U.S. In 2018, TIAA ranked 84th on Fortune's list of the 500 largest corporations in America.[7] As of 2017, TIAA is the largest global investor in agriculture, the second-largest grower of wine grapes in the United States (by acreage), and the third-largest commercial real estate manager in the world.[2]

History

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In 1918, Andrew Carnegie and his Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, under the leadership of Henry S. Pritchett, created the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America (TIAA), a fully funded system of pensions for professors. Funding was provided by a combination of grants from the foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York, as well as ongoing contributions from participating institutions and individuals.[8][unreliable source] The policyholders voted in 1921 to implement policyholder representation on the TIAA board so that educators would have a role in running the organization.[9][10]

TIAA's namesake and signature investment/insurance product is the TIAA Traditional, which offers a contractually guaranteed return on principal and, at the discretion of the board of trustees on a periodic basis, additional profit/dividend interest over and above the guaranteed return. From the relatively illiquid and stable, long-term investments of its general account, TIAA has been able to consistently add some dividends to TIAA Traditional contributions since 1948.[11]

Annuities and Real-Estate

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In 1952, TIAA created the College Retirement Equities Fund (CREF) a variable annuity, in order to diversify its retirement funds.[12]

In 1995, TIAA introduced the TIAA Real Estate account, also a variable annuity, but more stable than equity investments and more flexible than TIAA Traditional.[11]

21st century

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On June 15, 2007, TIAA became one of the first U.S. companies to voluntarily adopt, and the first to implement, a policyholder advisory vote on executive compensation policy.[citation needed]

On February 22, 2016, TIAA-CREF rebranded as simply TIAA as part of a new marketing and imaging campaign. CMO Connie Weaver explained that the old name was perceived by customers as being complicated, and that the new branding scheme was meant to portray a simpler and friendlier image of the organization.[13][14]

As of February 2018, TIAA was providing parental leave irrespective of the parent's gender.[15]

Environmental Impacts

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In May 2021, TIAA announced its net zero by 2050 commitment for the General Account.[16] In 2022, TIAA’s annual climate report, “Ensuring Our Future,”[17] stated that TIAA views climate risk as investment risk. A November 2022 report from the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) asserts that TIAA’s failure to divest its fossil fuel holdings to clear its portfolio of financial and environmental risk is strategically unsound.[18]

On October 19, 2022, nearly 300 TIAA clients filed a complaint with the UN-supported Principles for Responsible Investment initiative (PRI), asking PRI to remove TIAA from its list of sustainable investors.[19] TIAA is one of the world’s largest fossil fuel investors,[20] with at least $78 billion[17] invested in coal, oil and gas industries. After the top two coal investors Vanguard and BlackRock, TIAA is the fifth largest holder of coal bonds worldwide with $6.7 billion invested in companies that mine, transport, and burn coal for energy.[21] PRI agreed to review the complaint but dismissed it after internal review.

In March of 2024, a group of TIAA clients and university student activists published their response[22][23][24] to TIAA sponsoring the Big 10 while utilizing harmful investing practices.[25] The activists stated that land grabs,[26] the spraying of toxic chemicals, and fossil fuel investments are contributing to the climate crisis.

Investments and diversification

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  • 2012: bought Festival Place, a shopping center in Basingstoke, England for £280 million.[27]
  • 2013: purchased a 50% stake in the Grand Canal Shoppes, including the Shoppes at the Palazzo, in Las Vegas, Nevada, for net proceeds of US$410 million as part of a new joint venture with General Growth Properties. GGP will continue to oversee the asset management of the project.[28]
  • 2014: announced that it would acquire Nuveen Investments in a deal valued at $6.25 billion.[29]
  • 2016: announced deal to buy EverBank Financial Corp. for $2.5 billion in cash;[30] completed June 12, 2017. The combined bank's legal entity name is TIAA, FSB.[31] Nearly a year after the acquisition of EverBank, TIAA began rebranding all of its banking activities under the TIAA Bank name on June 4, 2018.[32] In November 2022, TIAA announced plans to sell TIAA Bank to private investors. TIAA Bank changed its name back to EverBank when the transaction was completed.[33]

References

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TIAA

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from Grokipedia
Tiaa (or Tia'a) was an ancient Egyptian queen consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty. She was a wife of and the mother of his successor, . Initially of lesser status, possibly as a concubine, Tiaa rose to prominence during her son's reign, when she was elevated to the title of and featured in royal monuments. Her tomb, KV32 in the Valley of the Kings, was discovered in the early , yielding fragments of her funerary equipment.

Family and Background

Origins and Parentage

Tiaa's origins remain obscure, with no surviving inscriptions or records providing direct evidence of her parents' identities or her early background. She is never attested with the title "King's Daughter," a standard designation for royal females, which indicates she likely came from a non-royal or lower noble family rather than the immediate royal line. Scholars have debated whether Tiaa could have been a sister or half-sister to her husband , a possibility raised due to the absence of explicit familial records and the naming conventions of the period, though this remains speculative and unverified. Her pedigree is generally described as uncertain, with no concrete ties to prior royalty documented in contemporary sources. This uncertainty aligns with broader 18th Dynasty practices, where pharaohs frequently engaged in sibling or half-sibling marriages to preserve the perceived purity of the divine royal bloodline, as seen in the unions of kings such as with and with multiple sisters. Such incestuous alliances were ideological, mirroring the divine pairings of gods like and , and helped consolidate power within the family, though they were not universally applied to all royal consorts.

Marriage to Amenhotep II

Tiaa's marriage to occurred during the early years of his reign, which is conventionally dated to approximately 1427–1400 BCE. This union positioned her within the royal household of the 18th Dynasty, though the exact circumstances and timing of the marriage remain inferred from her later prominence as the mother of . In the royal court, Tiaa held the role of consort, as did not confer upon her the title of . Her subordinate position is reflected in the absence of formal titles such as during this period, underscoring her limited visibility in official capacities. The scarcity of contemporary attestations further highlights Tiaa's subdued role; no depictions or inscriptions of her appear on monuments or artifacts from Amenhotep II's rule, suggesting she was not a central figure in the court's public representations. This lack of evidence contrasts sharply with her later elevation under her son's reign, indicating that her marital alliance did not confer immediate prestige or political weight.

Children

Tiaa's most prominent and well-attested child was , who succeeded his father as of Egypt's 18th Dynasty, reigning circa 1400–1390 BCE. As the mother of this ruler, Tiaa played a crucial role in the royal succession, a position that underscored the importance of maternal lineage in legitimizing pharaonic authority during the New Kingdom. Although ancient Egyptian records sometimes imply the existence of additional royal offspring from Tiaa's union with , including possible princes and princesses, only is definitively confirmed through inscriptions, statues, and monumental depictions. Her motherhood to the transformed her from a lesser-known consort into a figure of elevated influence, earning her the title of King's Mother (mwt-nswt), which granted her prominent roles in religious and courtly affairs. This maternal status further solidified under Thutmose IV's reign, where he honored her through joint monuments that highlighted their close bond and her integral place in the dynasty's continuity.

Role as Queen Consort

Titles and Status

Tiaa was a consort of Pharaoh during the 18th Dynasty. After his death, her son Thutmose IV granted her the prestigious title of (ḥmt-nswt wrt), recognizing her retrospectively as the principal consort and underscoring her central position in the royal lineage. This title, reserved for the chief royal wife, distinguished her from secondary wives or concubines, though her prominence emerged primarily through her maternal ties rather than during her husband's reign. Given the absence of evidence for her royal birth, Tiaa's status derived from her marital and maternal connections rather than inherited nobility. In comparison to other 18th Dynasty , unlike , wife of , who rose from non-royal origins and wielded substantial influence through the title during her husband's reign with attestations in , Tiaa's title was posthumous and her influence retrospective. Unlike , who leveraged her status as a foundation for assuming full pharaonic kingship, Tiaa's role remained confined to consort and maternal without evidence of regency or co-rule.

Attestations During Amenhotep II's Reign

Tiaa is notably absent from major royal monuments and inscriptions dating to the reign of her husband, (ca. 1427–1400 BCE), including significant constructions at the temples of and , where queens' depictions were typically prominent for chief consorts. This lack of attestation underscores her obscurity during this period, with no evidence of her appearing alongside the king in official temple reliefs, stelae, or dedicatory texts from his building projects. While private tombs and stelae from the era occasionally reference royal women in subordinate roles, such as offerings or familial notations, none can be conclusively linked to or affirm her status as a consort. Her marital connection is supported contextually through her son but does not appear in contemporary public or elite inscriptions to highlight her influence. Some depictions of Merytre-Hatshepsut, Amenhotep II's mother, were altered to show , but these changes occurred during Thutmose IV's reign and do not reflect attestations from Amenhotep II's time. Overall, the evidential record from Amenhotep II's reign portrays as a figure of minimal visibility, her prominence emerging only through her son's rule.

Promotion Under Thutmose IV

Elevation to King's Mother

Upon the accession of her son to the throne around 1401 BCE, Tiaa was deliberately elevated from a minor consort of to a position of significant prominence as King's Mother, reflecting a strategic move to legitimize the new ruler's lineage amid potential succession uncertainties. This elevation included retroactive recognition of her status, as evidenced by the replacement of images of 's principal queen, Meryetre-Hatshepsut, with depictions of Tiaa in existing temple reliefs, thereby emphasizing her maternal role in royal iconography. Tiaa's influence extended into court politics during Thutmose IV's reign (c. 1401–1391 BCE), where her prominence likely supported the stabilization of her son's rule, possibly through advisory roles in matters of succession and the shift toward diplomatic foreign policy. Although direct evidence of her involvement in diplomacy is limited, her elevated status as a non-royal-born queen underscores the pharaoh's filial piety and efforts to consolidate power through familial ties. A key aspect of this promotion was the granting of the title to , which she assumed following the death of the previous holder, Merit-Re, the last wife of and mother of . This prestigious role linked her directly to the cult of at Thebes, enhancing her divine status and granting her oversight of significant religious and economic resources, such as the pr dw3t estate dedicated to the god's service. Through this title, participated in key cultic duties, including ritual performances that reinforced the pharaoh's divine authority and the royal family's connection to Amun's priesthood.

Monuments and Depictions

One of the most notable depictions of from the reign of is the black granite seated statue showing the king embracing his mother, originally erected in the South Court of the Temple complex and now housed in the Egyptian Museum in . In this intimate composition, is portrayed on the left with his arm around Tiaa's waist, while she places her hand on his shoulder, embodying themes of and the close bond between mother and son that legitimized his rule. The hieroglyphic inscriptions flanking the throne and dorsal pillar proclaim Tiaa as "King's " and "King's Mother," titles that reflect her posthumous or elevated status following IV's accession, and emphasize her role in the divine conception narrative common to the dynasty. Temple reliefs at further illustrate Tiaa's prominence under her son, particularly in the Hall where scenes on the south wall depict performing foundation rituals, such as stretching the cord to lay out a new structure, with Tiaa standing beside him as the King's Mother. These carvings integrate her into royal , portraying her as a divine intercessor and supporter of the king's building projects, which included expansions to the temple precinct. The reliefs, executed in raised relief with accompanying hieroglyphs naming her titles, contrast sharply with the absence of her image during Amenhotep II's reign and underscore how her elevation to King's Mother enabled such public veneration. Although no direct depictions of appear in the of (KV43), the monument's inscriptions include the king's full titulary and birth names, which implicitly reference his parentage, including his mother Tiaa, within the context of royal lineage affirmation. Evidence of her images being added or emphasized on select earlier monuments is limited, but scholarly analysis suggests possible enhancements to structures from Amenhotep II's era, such as at , where later Eighteenth Dynasty additions may have incorporated maternal figures to reinforce dynastic continuity; however, specific attributions to Tiaa remain debated due to erosion and reuse.

Death and Burial

Tomb KV32

Tomb KV32 is situated in the Valley of the Kings, within a side branch near the tomb of (KV47), among other 18th Dynasty royal burials. The tomb was discovered in 1898 by French Egyptologist Victor Loret as part of his systematic explorations in the Valley, though its initial anonymity led to uncertainty regarding ownership for decades. Subsequent examinations, including excavations by the Kings' Valley Project in 2000 and 2001, confirmed KV32 as the burial place of Queen Tiaa, wife of and mother of . The tomb's architecture is characteristically simple for a non-pharaonic royal interment, consisting of a steep descending stairway (corridor A) that connects to three successive corridors (B–D), the middle one also steeply inclined, leading to a burial chamber (room J) measuring approximately 6.24 by 8.56 meters with a single pillar and an adjacent side room (Ja). The entire structure extends about 40 meters into the mountainside and remains entirely undecorated, a feature attributable to Tiaa's status as a rather than a primary royal figure. A narrow passage from the side room links KV32 to the adjacent KV47, highlighting the dense clustering of tombs in this area of the Valley.

Funerary Equipment and Discoveries

The funerary equipment associated with Queen Tiaa was discovered in her tomb KV32 in the Valley of the Kings, primarily through excavations conducted in the late 19th and early 21st centuries. In 1898, French Egyptologist Victor Loret initially explored the tomb, recovering fragments of calcite-alabaster canopic jars and lids inscribed with Tiaa's name, which were used to house her viscera during mummification. These jars featured blue-painted sunken reliefs and were part of a larger canopic box, some pieces of which were reconstructed using casts from the . Additionally, shabtis ( figures) bearing Tiaa's were found, intended to serve her in the by performing labor on her behalf. Further excavations by the University of Basel's Misr Mission in 2000–2002 revealed additional artifacts, including a miniature coffin, amulets such as the tit (knot of ), (), and (pillar of ), as well as various vessels like duck-shaped ones, a glass paste vessel, ceramics, and a sham vessel linked to earlier individuals Sennefer and Senetnai, suggesting possible reuse of materials in Tiaa's burial assemblage. Some items, including canopic fragments and shabtis, had been displaced from KV32 to the nearby KV47 ( of ) due to ancient flooding and rainwater erosion, complicating earlier attributions. These discoveries confirmed KV32 as Tiaa's burial site through inscriptions, though no evidence of her was found in the itself. The absence of Tiaa's mummy in KV32 indicates it was likely removed during ancient reburials and possibly reburied in the cache during the 21st Dynasty, though it remains unidentified. No new discoveries or updates regarding her remains have been reported as of November 2025. The full catalog of these finds was published in 2021, providing detailed documentation of the equipment's style and inscriptions consistent with 18th Dynasty royal burials.

References

  1. http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_846.html
  2. https://erenow.org/ancient/temples-tombs-and-hieroglyphs-a-popular-history-of-ancient-egypt/19.php
  3. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693040
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2089618
  5. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phar/hd_phar.htm
  6. https://egypt-museum.com/statue-of-thutmose-iv-and-tiaa/
  7. https://www.worldhistory.org/Thutmose_IV/
  8. https://www.worldhistory.org/God%27s_Wife_of_Amun/
  9. https://www.academia.edu/35854179/Thutmose_IV_Placeholder_or_Pivot
  10. https://worldhistoryedu.com/great-royal-wife-in-ancient-egypt/
  11. https://ancientegypt.fandom.com/wiki/Tiaa_%28queen%29
  12. https://www.academia.edu/60252216/The_Eighteenth_Dynasty_Titles_royal_nurse_mnt_nswt_royal_tutor_mn_nswt_and_foster_brother_sister_of_the_Lord_of_the_Two_Lands_sn_snt_mn_n_nb_t3wy_
  13. https://www.academia.edu/91852794/Royal_women_as_wr_t_%25E1%25B8%25ABnr_in_the_Eighteenth_and_Nineteenth_Dynasty_continuity_in_discontinuity
  14. https://www.academia.edu/27011601/Portrait_Sculpture_of_Thutmose_IV
  15. https://dn790007.ca.archive.org/0/items/dodson_2014_amarna_sunrise_egypt_from_golden_ge_to_age_of_heresy/dodson_2014_amarna_sunrise_egypt_from_golden_age_to_age_of_heresy.pdf
  16. https://classics-at.chs.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ca1.2-bryan.pdf
  17. https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_259472_377aa8e0e56b0e9780f5dbe53087af09.pdf
  18. https://egyptianmuseumcairo.eg/artefacts/seated-statue-of-thutmose-iv/
  19. https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/thutmose-iv-peristyle-hall/
  20. https://madainproject.com/kv43_(tomb_of_thutmose_iv)
  21. https://daw.philhist.unibas.ch/en/egyptology/research/research-projects/misr-mission-siptah-ramses-x/tiaa-kv-32/
  22. https://daw.philhist.unibas.ch/en/egyptology/research/research-projects/kings-valley-project/
  23. https://edoc.unibas.ch/81215/
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