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Tokmak
Tokmak (Ukrainian: Токмак, IPA: [tokˈmɑk]) is a small city in Polohy Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, in south-central Ukraine. It stands on the Tokmak River, a tributary of the Molochna. It is the administrative centre of the Tokmak urban hromada, and was the centre of the Tokmak Raion until that was disestablished in 2020. Its pre-war population was approximately 29,573 (2022 estimate).
Tokmak has been occupied by Russia since early March 2022.
The name of the town comes from the Tokmak River. One common theory is that the hydronym comes from the Turkish tokmak ("mallet, stick, hammer"). An alternative theory is that the name comes from the Turkish dökmek ("to pour"). Another possibility is that the name comes from a tribe belonging to the Cumans or the Kyrgyz people.
The territories around Tokmak have been inhabited since the Neolithic era. This is evidenced by the excavations of settlements and burial mounds near the town, where burials dating from the Bronze Age were found. There have also been excavations indicating the presence of the Sarmatians (3rd-2nd centuries BC), the Scythians (4th century BC), and of older Neolithic nomads (10th-12th centuries BC).[citation needed]
From the archival documents of the Zaporizhian Sich (mid-18th century), it is known that there were seasonal deployments of the Cossack Kurins along the Tokmak River where they engaged in fishing and hunting. They were adjacent to the seasonal sheep-breeding camps of the Crimean Tatars and the Armenians, and the nomad camps of the Nogais, which sometimes led to conflicts and legal complaints from both sides.[citation needed]
The official year of the foundation of Tokmak was 1784, which coincides with the conquest of Crimea by the Russian Empire and the formation of the Taurida Oblast. Intensive settlement of the region began after the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), when several families descended from Zaporozhian Cossacks and state serfs from the area of Poltava settled on the banks of the Tokmak River. The village was named Velykyi Tokmak, or Bolshoi Tokmak (both "Great Tokmak").[citation needed] Its rapid growth was facilitated by the existence of a trade route known as the "Old Chumatsky Road" that passed through the area.
In 1796, Tokmak was appointed the center of the Melitopolsky Uyezd (Melitopol District) of the Taurida Oblast. In 1797, the Melitopol Uyezd was included in the Mariupol uezd of the Novorossiya Governorate, the center of which again became Tokmak. In 1801, the center of the Uyezd was moved to Orikhiv, and Tokmak remained the center of the Velykyi Tokmak Volost. Sloboda of Novoalexandrovka, which became the town of Melitopol in 1842, was also part of the Bolshoi Tokmak Volost in 1814–1829.
In the summer of 1842, a strong fire broke out in the city of Orikhiv, and the administrative offices were again transferred to Velykyi Tokmak. In the same year, the Berdyansky Uyezd was created and both Tokmak (which became a provincial town) and Orikhiv were included with the new Uyezd.
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Tokmak
Tokmak (Ukrainian: Токмак, IPA: [tokˈmɑk]) is a small city in Polohy Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, in south-central Ukraine. It stands on the Tokmak River, a tributary of the Molochna. It is the administrative centre of the Tokmak urban hromada, and was the centre of the Tokmak Raion until that was disestablished in 2020. Its pre-war population was approximately 29,573 (2022 estimate).
Tokmak has been occupied by Russia since early March 2022.
The name of the town comes from the Tokmak River. One common theory is that the hydronym comes from the Turkish tokmak ("mallet, stick, hammer"). An alternative theory is that the name comes from the Turkish dökmek ("to pour"). Another possibility is that the name comes from a tribe belonging to the Cumans or the Kyrgyz people.
The territories around Tokmak have been inhabited since the Neolithic era. This is evidenced by the excavations of settlements and burial mounds near the town, where burials dating from the Bronze Age were found. There have also been excavations indicating the presence of the Sarmatians (3rd-2nd centuries BC), the Scythians (4th century BC), and of older Neolithic nomads (10th-12th centuries BC).[citation needed]
From the archival documents of the Zaporizhian Sich (mid-18th century), it is known that there were seasonal deployments of the Cossack Kurins along the Tokmak River where they engaged in fishing and hunting. They were adjacent to the seasonal sheep-breeding camps of the Crimean Tatars and the Armenians, and the nomad camps of the Nogais, which sometimes led to conflicts and legal complaints from both sides.[citation needed]
The official year of the foundation of Tokmak was 1784, which coincides with the conquest of Crimea by the Russian Empire and the formation of the Taurida Oblast. Intensive settlement of the region began after the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), when several families descended from Zaporozhian Cossacks and state serfs from the area of Poltava settled on the banks of the Tokmak River. The village was named Velykyi Tokmak, or Bolshoi Tokmak (both "Great Tokmak").[citation needed] Its rapid growth was facilitated by the existence of a trade route known as the "Old Chumatsky Road" that passed through the area.
In 1796, Tokmak was appointed the center of the Melitopolsky Uyezd (Melitopol District) of the Taurida Oblast. In 1797, the Melitopol Uyezd was included in the Mariupol uezd of the Novorossiya Governorate, the center of which again became Tokmak. In 1801, the center of the Uyezd was moved to Orikhiv, and Tokmak remained the center of the Velykyi Tokmak Volost. Sloboda of Novoalexandrovka, which became the town of Melitopol in 1842, was also part of the Bolshoi Tokmak Volost in 1814–1829.
In the summer of 1842, a strong fire broke out in the city of Orikhiv, and the administrative offices were again transferred to Velykyi Tokmak. In the same year, the Berdyansky Uyezd was created and both Tokmak (which became a provincial town) and Orikhiv were included with the new Uyezd.