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Turn construction unit
A turn construction unit (TCU) is the fundamental segment of speech in a conversation, as analysed in conversation analysis.
The idea was introduced in "A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation" by Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson in 1974. It describes pieces of conversation which may comprise an entire speaking turn by a speaker. The model is designed to explain that when people talk in conversation, they do not always talk all at the same time, but generally, one person speaks at a time, and then another person can follow. Such a contribution to a conversation by one speaker is then a turn. A turn is created through certain forms or units that listeners can recognize and count on, called turn construction units (TCUs), and speakers and listeners will know that such forms can be a word or a clause, and use that knowledge to predict when a speaker is finished so that others can speak, to avoid or minimize both overlap and silence.
A listener will look for the places where they can start speaking - so-called transition relevant places (TRPs) - based on how the units appear over time. A TRP marks a point where the turn may go to another speaker, or the present speaker may continue with another TCU.
The model also leaves puzzles to be solved, for example concerning how turn boundaries are identified and projected, and the role played by gaze and body orientation in the management of turn-taking. It also establishes some questions for other disciplines: for example, the split second timing of turn-transition sets up a cognitive 'bottle neck' in which potential speakers must attend to incoming speech while also preparing their own contribution - something which imposes a heavy load of human processing capacity, and which may impact the structure of languages.
Interaction in more specialized, institutional environments such as meetings, courts, news interviews and mediation hearings have distinctive turn-taking organizations that depart in various ways from ordinary conversation. Studies has looked at institutional interaction and turn-taking in institutional contexts.
A pair of TCUs making up an utterance and a response from another is known as an adjacency pair.
A transition relevance place (TRP) is a point of possible completion (or potential end) of an utterance (hence a TCU) where speaker change is a possible next action.
Each time a turn is over, speakers also have to decide who can talk next, and this is called turn allocation. The rules for turn allocation is commonly formulated in the same way as in the original Simplest Systematics paper, with 2 parts where the first consists of 3 elements:
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Turn construction unit
A turn construction unit (TCU) is the fundamental segment of speech in a conversation, as analysed in conversation analysis.
The idea was introduced in "A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation" by Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson in 1974. It describes pieces of conversation which may comprise an entire speaking turn by a speaker. The model is designed to explain that when people talk in conversation, they do not always talk all at the same time, but generally, one person speaks at a time, and then another person can follow. Such a contribution to a conversation by one speaker is then a turn. A turn is created through certain forms or units that listeners can recognize and count on, called turn construction units (TCUs), and speakers and listeners will know that such forms can be a word or a clause, and use that knowledge to predict when a speaker is finished so that others can speak, to avoid or minimize both overlap and silence.
A listener will look for the places where they can start speaking - so-called transition relevant places (TRPs) - based on how the units appear over time. A TRP marks a point where the turn may go to another speaker, or the present speaker may continue with another TCU.
The model also leaves puzzles to be solved, for example concerning how turn boundaries are identified and projected, and the role played by gaze and body orientation in the management of turn-taking. It also establishes some questions for other disciplines: for example, the split second timing of turn-transition sets up a cognitive 'bottle neck' in which potential speakers must attend to incoming speech while also preparing their own contribution - something which imposes a heavy load of human processing capacity, and which may impact the structure of languages.
Interaction in more specialized, institutional environments such as meetings, courts, news interviews and mediation hearings have distinctive turn-taking organizations that depart in various ways from ordinary conversation. Studies has looked at institutional interaction and turn-taking in institutional contexts.
A pair of TCUs making up an utterance and a response from another is known as an adjacency pair.
A transition relevance place (TRP) is a point of possible completion (or potential end) of an utterance (hence a TCU) where speaker change is a possible next action.
Each time a turn is over, speakers also have to decide who can talk next, and this is called turn allocation. The rules for turn allocation is commonly formulated in the same way as in the original Simplest Systematics paper, with 2 parts where the first consists of 3 elements: