The courts of the United States are closely linked hierarchical systems of courts at the federal and state levels. The federal courts form the judicial branch of the U.S. government and operate under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law . The state and territorial courts of the individual U.S. states and territories operate under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law .
Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, and not the courts of the individual states and counties. Because of the federalist underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments, the various state court systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another. In practice, however, every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels, and almost every state has three levels, with trial courts hearing cases which may be reviewed by appellate courts , and finally by a state supreme court . A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases. 47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits, meaning that the court receiving the appeal must decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly. Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal. Rather, they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard.
State courts often have diverse names and structures, as illustrated below. State courts hear about 98% of litigation; most states have courts of special jurisdiction, which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations, and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes.[ 1]
The U.S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution , admiralty , bankruptcy , and related issues.[ 2] [ 1] [ 1] U.S. district courts , followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States . The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.[ 3]
Institutions which may be considered courts of the United States are listed below.
United States Federal Courts [ edit ] The geographical boundary of the 12 United States Courts of Appeals Geographic based jurisdiction [ edit ] Specific subject-matter jurisdiction [ edit ] Headquarters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims on Madison Place in Washington, D.C. United States federal courts with Original Jurisdiction over specific subject matter:
Courts with Appellate Jurisdiction over specific subject matter:
Courts by state of the United States [ edit ] State courts of Alabama Federal courts located in Alabama
(All United States District Courts in Alabama may be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit , headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia )
Former federal courts of Alabama
State courts of Alaska Federal courts located in Alaska
State courts of Arizona Federal courts located in Arizona
State courts of Arkansas Federal courts located in Arkansas
Former federal courts of Arkansas
Headquarters of the Supreme Court of California , in San Francisco . State courts of record of California State quasi-administrative courts of California Federal courts located in California
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (headquartered in San Francisco , having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Alaska, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, the Northern Mariana Islands, Oregon, and Washington)
Former federal courts of California
State courts of Colorado Federal courts located in Colorado
State courts of Connecticut
Federal court located in Connecticut:
State courts of Delaware Federal courts located in Delaware
Headquarters of the Florida Supreme Court in Tallahassee . State courts of Florida Federal courts located in Florida
Former federal courts of Florida
State courts of Georgia Federal courts located in Georgia
Former federal courts of Georgia
Aliʻiōlani Hale, in Honolulu , the building where the Hawaiʻi State Supreme Court meets State courts of Hawaii Federal courts located in Hawaii
State courts of Idaho Federal courts located in Idaho
Illinois Supreme Court building, in Springfield, Illinois The Dirksen Federal Building in Chicago , headquarters of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . State courts of Illinois
Federal courts located in Illinois
Former federal courts of Illinois
State courts of Indiana The E. Ross Adair Federal Building, seat of the Fort Wayne division of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana Federal courts located in Indiana
Former federal courts of Indiana
State courts of Iowa Federal courts located in Iowa
Former federal courts of Iowa
State courts of Kansas Federal courts located in Kansas
Kentucky Court of Justice Under an amendment to the Kentucky Constitution passed by the state's voters in 1975,[ 129] [ 130]
Federal courts located in this state Former federal courts of Kentucky State courts of Louisiana Louisiana judicial districts map Federal courts located in Louisiana The John Minor Wisdom U.S. Courthouse, home of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in New Orleans Former federal courts of Louisiana State courts of Maine Federal courts located in Maine
Maryland judicial circuit map State courts of Maryland Federal courts located in Maryland
Former federal courts of Maryland
John Adams Courthouse in Boston, Massachusetts , home to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and Massachusetts Appeals Court State courts of Massachusetts
Judicial courts Administrative courts Federal courts located in Massachusetts
Judicial circuits map State courts of Michigan Federal courts located in Michigan
Former federal courts of Michigan
Supreme Court Chamber of the Minnesota Supreme Court in the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul . State courts of Minnesota Federal courts located in Minnesota
State courts of Mississippi Federal courts located in Mississippi
Former federal courts of Mississippi
State courts of Missouri Missouri State Supreme Court building across from state capitol in Jefferson City . Federal courts located in Missouri
Former federal courts of Missouri
State courts of Montana Federal courts located in Montana
State courts of Nebraska Federal courts located in Nebraska
State courts of Nevada The headquarters of the Supreme Court of Nevada in Carson City . Federal courts located in Nevada
State courts of New Hampshire Federal courts located in New Hampshire
State courts of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex , Trenton, New Jersey: The seat of the New Jersey Supreme Court and the central administrative offices of all statewide courts in New Jersey.Federal courts located in New Jersey
Former federal courts of New Jersey
State courts of New Mexico Federal courts located in New Mexico
State courts of New York The 1842 courthouse of the New York Court of Appeals in Albany Federal courts located in New York
Former federal courts of New York
State courts of North Carolina Federal courts located in North Carolina
Former federal courts of North Carolina
State courts of North Dakota Federal courts located in North Dakota
State courts of Ohio The Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center in Columbus, headquarters of the Supreme Court of Ohio Federal courts located in this state
Former federal courts of Ohio
State courts of Oklahoma Federal courts located in Oklahoma
State courts of Oregon Courtroom of the Oregon Supreme Court . Federal courts located in Oregon
State courts of Pennsylvania Former colonial and state courts of Pennsylvania
Federal courts located in Pennsylvania
Former federal courts located in Pennsylvania
State courts of Rhode Island Federal courts located in Rhode Island
State courts of South Carolina Federal courts located in South Carolina
State courts of South Dakota
Federal courts located in South Dakota
State courts of Tennessee Federal courts located in Tennessee
Former federal courts of Tennessee
State courts of Texas Federal courts located in Texas
Former federal courts of Texas
The Utah Supreme Court meets in the Scott M. Matheson Courthouse. State courts of Utah Federal courts located in Utah
State courts of Vermont Federal courts located in Vermont
State courts of Virginia Federal courts located in Virginia
Former federal courts of Virginia
State courts of Washington
The headquarters of the Washington Supreme Court in Olympia . Federal courts located in Washington
Former federal courts of Washington
State courts of West Virginia Federal courts located in West Virginia
Former federal courts of West Virginia
State courts of Wisconsin Federal courts located in Wisconsin
Former federal courts of Wisconsin
State courts of Wyoming Federal courts located in Wyoming
Courts in the District of Columbia [ edit ] Federal courts located in the District of Columbia
Former federal courts in the District of Columbia
Courts of the Territories of the United States [ edit ] High Court of American Samoa courthouseUnited States territorial court [ edit ] Northern Mariana Islands [ edit ] United States territorial court [ edit ] Federal courts located in Puerto Rico:
United States Virgin Islands [ edit ] United States territorial court [ edit ]
U.S. judicial system in popular culture [ edit ] Due to its involvement in the resolution of crimes and conflicts, which are an intricate part of drama , the U.S. judicial system is often portrayed in American literature and films.
Several Hollywood films such as A Few Good Men Runaway Jury
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^ Joseph Ragland, Outline of the Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Federal Courts (1917), p. 112–13, §81.
Courts of appeals District courts
Alabama (M , N , S )
Alaska Arizona Arkansas (E , W )
California (C , E , N , S )
Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida (M , N , S )
Georgia (M , N , S )
Hawaii Idaho Illinois (C , N , S )
Indiana (N , S )
Iowa (N , S )
Kansas Kentucky (E , W )
Louisiana (E , M , W )
Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (E , W )
Minnesota Mississippi (N , S )
Missouri (E , W )
Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (E , N , S , W )
North Carolina (E , M , W )
North Dakota Ohio (N , S )
Oklahoma (E , N , W )
Oregon Pennsylvania (E , M , W )
Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (E , M , W )
Texas (E , N , S , W )
Utah Vermont Virginia (E , W )
Washington (E , W )
West Virginia (N , S )
Wisconsin (E , W )
Wyoming Specialty courts Territorial courts Extinct courts Note
