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Upper house
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Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral.
While the senate of the ancient Roman kingdom was the first assembly of aristocrats counseling a monarch, the first upper house of a bicameral legislature was the medieval House of Lords consisting of the archbishops, bishops, abbots, and nobility, which emerged during the reign of King Edward III around 1341 when the Parliament clearly separated into two distinct chambers, the House of Commons, consisting of the shire and borough representatives, and the House of Lords.
1808 Spain adopted the Bayonne Statute to justify Joseph Bonaparte as king of Spain. While never fully put into practice, the country saw liberal reform. During resistance to Napoleonic invasions, Spain adopted a liberal constitution in 1812. 1834 Queen Maria Christina established the House of Peers alongside the Deputies of the Realm. With the constitution of 1837 it was named Senate. Members were royal princes, hereditary nobility and clergy, and one appointed member for every 85,000 inhabitants. The Spanish upper house was suppressed in 1923, and in 1977 established an elected regional chamber.
Following Spain's example, free-thinking Vintistas were able to govern Portugal and adopt the constitution of 1822. During the subsequent liberal wars the Chamber of Most Worthy Peers was established in 1826 as the upper house of the Cortes Gerais. Its 90 members were nominated by the monarch. The september revolution abolished the upper house in favor of an elected senate from 1838 to 1842, when the constitution of 1826 was reinstated. In 1911 the upper house was abolished, and a bicameral parliament, the congress established, again with the senate as its regional representation.
In 1831, after its independence from the Netherlands, Belgium adopted a constitution with a Senate where its members were partially appointed by the king, and partially elected by local authorities.
Landtag of Prussia had from 1850 onward the Prussian House of Lords, besides the Prussian House of Representatives. The Austrian Imperial Council had from 1861 onward a House of Lords besides the House of Deputies.
In 1889 imperial Japan modeled its house of peers according to Prussian House of Lords, with its first modern Meiji constitution. With the constitution of 1947 the upper house was replaced with the house of councillors modeled after the US senate.
An upper house is usually different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects (though they vary among jurisdictions/powers):
Hub AI
Upper house AI simulator
(@Upper house_simulator)
Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral.
While the senate of the ancient Roman kingdom was the first assembly of aristocrats counseling a monarch, the first upper house of a bicameral legislature was the medieval House of Lords consisting of the archbishops, bishops, abbots, and nobility, which emerged during the reign of King Edward III around 1341 when the Parliament clearly separated into two distinct chambers, the House of Commons, consisting of the shire and borough representatives, and the House of Lords.
1808 Spain adopted the Bayonne Statute to justify Joseph Bonaparte as king of Spain. While never fully put into practice, the country saw liberal reform. During resistance to Napoleonic invasions, Spain adopted a liberal constitution in 1812. 1834 Queen Maria Christina established the House of Peers alongside the Deputies of the Realm. With the constitution of 1837 it was named Senate. Members were royal princes, hereditary nobility and clergy, and one appointed member for every 85,000 inhabitants. The Spanish upper house was suppressed in 1923, and in 1977 established an elected regional chamber.
Following Spain's example, free-thinking Vintistas were able to govern Portugal and adopt the constitution of 1822. During the subsequent liberal wars the Chamber of Most Worthy Peers was established in 1826 as the upper house of the Cortes Gerais. Its 90 members were nominated by the monarch. The september revolution abolished the upper house in favor of an elected senate from 1838 to 1842, when the constitution of 1826 was reinstated. In 1911 the upper house was abolished, and a bicameral parliament, the congress established, again with the senate as its regional representation.
In 1831, after its independence from the Netherlands, Belgium adopted a constitution with a Senate where its members were partially appointed by the king, and partially elected by local authorities.
Landtag of Prussia had from 1850 onward the Prussian House of Lords, besides the Prussian House of Representatives. The Austrian Imperial Council had from 1861 onward a House of Lords besides the House of Deputies.
In 1889 imperial Japan modeled its house of peers according to Prussian House of Lords, with its first modern Meiji constitution. With the constitution of 1947 the upper house was replaced with the house of councillors modeled after the US senate.
An upper house is usually different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects (though they vary among jurisdictions/powers):