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Wali Sanga
Wali Sanga (Javanese: ꦮꦭꦶꦱꦔ, lit. 'Nine Walis'), also transcribed as Wali Songo, are a group of nine da'is (Islamic missionary) that contributed to the spread of Islam in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java. The word wali sanga is derived from the Arabic word wali, which is used to refer to Muslim saints, and the Javanese word sanga, meaning the number nine.
Although referred to as a group, there is good evidence that fewer than nine were alive in the same time period. Also, some sources use the term "Wali Sanga" to refer to saintly mystic(s) other than the most well-known nine individuals. Each man is often attributed the title sunan in Javanese, which may derive from susuhunan, in this context meaning "honoured". Most of the wali were also called raden during their lifetimes, because they were members of royal houses.
The graves of the Wali Sanga are venerated as locations of ziarah (ziyarat) or local pilgrimage in Java. The graves are also known as pundhen in Javanese.
The earliest Wali Sanga was Malik Ibrahim. He is thought to have lived in the first half of the 14th century, according to "Babad Tanah Jawi" and other texts. In a transcription by J. J. Meinsma, he is identified as Makhdum Ibrahim as-Samarqandi. The most generally accepted history, supported by a reading by J. P. Mosquette of the inscription at Ibrahim's grave, identifies his origin as Kashan, modern-day Iran. Syekh Jumadil Kubra and Malik Ibrahim were disciples of the Kubrowi Shafi'i school, whose jurist was Mir Syed Ali Hamadani Shafi'i (died 1384) of Hamedan, Iran.
According to Dr Alexander Wain, new research of their association with Gresik suggests the Hamadani penetrated Java between the 14th and mid-16th centuries and also explains Kubrawi Hamadani influence widespread in north India and South China and after entered Java, and wain impression that Kubra-Hamadani are founder of Islam in Java. Malik Ibrahim belonged to a highly educated family in Kashan. His great-grandfather migrated from Samarqand.
According to Martin van Bruinessen, author of the history of Islamic Java: the Syekh Jumadil Kubra, to whom all the saints of Java appear to be related with. It appears to bear a name that is almost certainly a corruption of Najmuddin al-Kubra, has attached itself to various legendary and mythical personalities, who have a common thought that they are the ancestors or preceptors of the founders of Islam in Java – an oblique acknowledgement, perhaps, of the prestige of the Qubrowi in the period of Islamisation.
Tracing the lineage earlier than Malik Ibrahim is problematic. However, some scholars believe that his lineages are of Chinese descent and not Arab. Although his silsila are listed in various Javanese royal chronicles (such as Sejarah Banten) to denote ancestral lineage from erstwhile Hindu kings, the term in Sufism refers to a lineage of teachers. Some of these spiritual lineages are cited by van Bruinessen in his study of the Banten Sultanate, particularly in regard to Sunan Gunung Jati, who was an initiate of various Sufi orders.
Although popular belief sometimes refers to the Wali Sanga as "founders" of Islam on Java, the religion was present by the time the Chinese Muslim admiral Zheng He arrived during the first of his Ming treasure voyages in 1405–1407 CE.[citation needed] Many of the earliest Wali Sanga had Chinese ancestry both paternally and maternally; for example, Sunan Ampel (Chinese name Bong Swi Ho), Sunan Bonang (Ampel's son, Bong Ang), and Sunan Kalijaga (Gan Si Cang). The theory of Chinese maternal ancestry of Wali Sanga was publicized for the very first time in the book entitled "The Collapse of Javanese Hindu Kingdom" (1968), which states that the Wali Sanga are descendants of Chinese Muslims.
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Wali Sanga
Wali Sanga (Javanese: ꦮꦭꦶꦱꦔ, lit. 'Nine Walis'), also transcribed as Wali Songo, are a group of nine da'is (Islamic missionary) that contributed to the spread of Islam in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java. The word wali sanga is derived from the Arabic word wali, which is used to refer to Muslim saints, and the Javanese word sanga, meaning the number nine.
Although referred to as a group, there is good evidence that fewer than nine were alive in the same time period. Also, some sources use the term "Wali Sanga" to refer to saintly mystic(s) other than the most well-known nine individuals. Each man is often attributed the title sunan in Javanese, which may derive from susuhunan, in this context meaning "honoured". Most of the wali were also called raden during their lifetimes, because they were members of royal houses.
The graves of the Wali Sanga are venerated as locations of ziarah (ziyarat) or local pilgrimage in Java. The graves are also known as pundhen in Javanese.
The earliest Wali Sanga was Malik Ibrahim. He is thought to have lived in the first half of the 14th century, according to "Babad Tanah Jawi" and other texts. In a transcription by J. J. Meinsma, he is identified as Makhdum Ibrahim as-Samarqandi. The most generally accepted history, supported by a reading by J. P. Mosquette of the inscription at Ibrahim's grave, identifies his origin as Kashan, modern-day Iran. Syekh Jumadil Kubra and Malik Ibrahim were disciples of the Kubrowi Shafi'i school, whose jurist was Mir Syed Ali Hamadani Shafi'i (died 1384) of Hamedan, Iran.
According to Dr Alexander Wain, new research of their association with Gresik suggests the Hamadani penetrated Java between the 14th and mid-16th centuries and also explains Kubrawi Hamadani influence widespread in north India and South China and after entered Java, and wain impression that Kubra-Hamadani are founder of Islam in Java. Malik Ibrahim belonged to a highly educated family in Kashan. His great-grandfather migrated from Samarqand.
According to Martin van Bruinessen, author of the history of Islamic Java: the Syekh Jumadil Kubra, to whom all the saints of Java appear to be related with. It appears to bear a name that is almost certainly a corruption of Najmuddin al-Kubra, has attached itself to various legendary and mythical personalities, who have a common thought that they are the ancestors or preceptors of the founders of Islam in Java – an oblique acknowledgement, perhaps, of the prestige of the Qubrowi in the period of Islamisation.
Tracing the lineage earlier than Malik Ibrahim is problematic. However, some scholars believe that his lineages are of Chinese descent and not Arab. Although his silsila are listed in various Javanese royal chronicles (such as Sejarah Banten) to denote ancestral lineage from erstwhile Hindu kings, the term in Sufism refers to a lineage of teachers. Some of these spiritual lineages are cited by van Bruinessen in his study of the Banten Sultanate, particularly in regard to Sunan Gunung Jati, who was an initiate of various Sufi orders.
Although popular belief sometimes refers to the Wali Sanga as "founders" of Islam on Java, the religion was present by the time the Chinese Muslim admiral Zheng He arrived during the first of his Ming treasure voyages in 1405–1407 CE.[citation needed] Many of the earliest Wali Sanga had Chinese ancestry both paternally and maternally; for example, Sunan Ampel (Chinese name Bong Swi Ho), Sunan Bonang (Ampel's son, Bong Ang), and Sunan Kalijaga (Gan Si Cang). The theory of Chinese maternal ancestry of Wali Sanga was publicized for the very first time in the book entitled "The Collapse of Javanese Hindu Kingdom" (1968), which states that the Wali Sanga are descendants of Chinese Muslims.