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{"parse":{"title":"Zhuge Liang","pageid":267666,"text":{"*":"

This article is about the person. For other uses, see Zhuge Liang (disambiguation).

In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhuge.

Zhuge Liang
\u8af8\u845b\u4eae
An illustration of Zhuge Liang

Imperial Chancellor of Shu Han
In office 229 (229) \u2013 September or October 234
In office May 221 \u2013 228 (228)
Monarch	Liu Bei / Liu Shan
General of the Right
In office 228 (228)\u2013229 (229)
Monarch	Liu Shan
Governor of Yi Province
In office 223 (223) \u2013 September or October 234 (September or October 234)
Monarch	Liu Shan
Succeeded by	Jiang Wan (as Inspector)
Colonel-Director of Retainers
In office 221 (221) \u2013 September or October 234
Monarch	Liu Bei / Liu Shan
Preceded by	Zhang Fei
Deputy Head of the Secretariat
In office 221 (221) \u2013 September or October 234
Monarch	Liu Bei / Liu Shan
Succeeded by	Jiang Wan
\n
Personal details
Born	181 Yinan County, Shandong
Died	September or October 234 (aged 53)^[a]^[1] Wuzhang Plains, Shaanxi
Resting place	Mount Dingjun, Shaanxi
Spouse	Lady Huang
Relations	Zhuge Jin (brother) Zhuge Dan (cousin) Zhuge Xuan (cousin)
Children	Zhuge Qiao (adopted) Zhuge Zhan Zhuge Huai Zhuge Guo
Parent	Zhuge Gui (father)
Occupation	Statesman, military leader, scholar, inventor
Courtesy name	Kongming (\u5b54\u660e)
Posthumous name	Marquis Zhongwu (\u5fe0\u6b66\u4faf)
Peerage	Marquis of Wu District (\u6b66\u9109\u4faf)
Nicknames	\"Sleeping Dragon\" (\u81e5\u9f8d / \u4f0f\u9f8d)

Zhuge Liang

Traditional Chinese

\u8af8\u845b\u4eae

Simplified Chinese

\u8bf8\u845b\u4eae

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zh\u016bg\u011b Li\u00e0ng
Wade\u2013Giles	Chu¹-ko³ Liang⁴
IPA	[\u0288\u0282ú.k\u0264̀ ljâ\u014b]
Wu
Romanization	Ts\u00fc-ke\u0294 Liang
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Jy\u016b-got Leuhng
Jyutping	Zyu1-got3 Loeng6
IPA	[tsy\u02e5.k\u0254t\u031a\u02e7 l\u0153\u014b\u02e8]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Chu-kat Li\u014dng
T\u00e2i-l\u00f4	Tsu-kat Li\u014dng
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese	*t\u0361\u0255\u0268\u028c k\u0251t\u031a l\u0268\u0250\u014b^H

Courtesy name

Chinese

\u5b54\u660e

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	K\u01d2ngm\u00edng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Koong-ming
Wade\u2013Giles	K\u02bbung³-ming²
IPA	[k\u02b0\u028à\u014bmǐ\u014b]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	H\u00fang-m\u00echng
Jyutping	Hung2-ming4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Kh\u00f3ng-b\u00eeng
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese	*k\u02b0u\u014b^X m\u02e0i\u00e6\u014b

Zhuge Liang (pronunciation^\u24d8) (181 – September or October 234),^[a] also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming, was a Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (c. 184\u2013220) and the early Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period, he served as the Imperial Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of the state of Shu Han (221\u2013263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234.^[1]\n

He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era. His reputation as an intelligent and cultured scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname \"Wolong\" or \"Fulong\" (both meaning \"Sleeping Dragon\").\n

Zhuge Liang's methods of administration drew both from Legalism^[2] as well as Confucianism.^[3] He was critical of the Legalist thought of Shang Yang,^[4] and advocated benevolence and education as tenets of being a ruler.^[5] He compared himself with Guan Zhong,^[2] developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power.^[6] He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei,^[3] refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages.^[7]\n

Zhuge is an uncommon two-character Chinese compound family name. In 760, when Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya, he had sculptures of ten famous historical military generals and strategists placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue: Zhuge Liang, Bai Qi, Han Xin, Li Jing, Li Shiji, Zhang Liang, Sima Rangju, Sun Tzu, Wu Qi, and Yue Yi.^[8]\n

\n\n

v t e Prominent people of Shu Han
Emperors	\n Liu Bei \n Liu Shan \n
Empresses	\n Empress Wu \n Empress Jing'ai \n Empress Zhang \n
Princes and royal figures	\n Liu Chen \n Liu Xuan \n Liu Yong \n Liu Li \n
Regents	\n Zhuge Liang \n Jiang Wan \n Dong Yun \n Fei Yi \n Jiang Wei \n
Civil officers	\n Chang Ji \n Chang Xu \n Chen Shou \n Chen Zhen \n Chen Zhi \n Dong He \n Dong Jue \n Du Qiong \n Du Wei \n Du Zhen \n Fan Jian \n Fei Li \n Fei Shi \n Guan Xing \n Guo Youzhi \n He Pan \n He Sui \n He Zhi \n Huang Hao \n Lai Min \n Li Fu \n Li Mi \n Li Miao \n Li Xiang \n Li Zhuan \n Liao Li \n Liu Ba \n L\u00fc Kai \n L\u00fc Yi \n Ma Liang \n Meng Guang \n Mi Zhu \n Qiao Zhou \n Qin Mi \n Ren Xi \n Sima Shengzhi \n She Yuan \n Shou Liang \n Wang Chong \n Wang Fu \n Wang Hua \n Wang Lian \n Wen Li \n Xi Zheng \n Xiang Lang \n Xu Ci \n Xu Jing \n Yang Hong \n Yang Xi \n Yang Yi \n Yao Zhou \n Yi Ji \n Yin Mo \n Zhang Bao \n Zhuge Qiao \n
Military officers	\n Chen Dao \n Chen Shi \n Cheng Ji \n Deng Zhi \n Feng Xi \n Fu Qian \n Fu Rong \n Gao Xiang \n Gong Lu \n Huang Quan \n Huang Zhong \n Hu Ji \n Huo Yi \n Ju Fu \n Li Yan \n Li Hui \n Liao Hua \n Liu Yan \n Liu Yin \n Luo Xian \n Ma Chao \n Ma Dai \n Ma Su \n Ma Zhong \n Wang Ping \n Wei Yan \n Wu Ban \n Wu Yi \n Xiahou Ba \n Xiang Chong \n Zhang Fei \n Zhang Nan \n Zhang Ni \n Zhang Yi (Bogong) \n Zhang Yi (Junsi) \n Zhao Yun \n Zhuge Shang \n Zhuge Zhan \n Zong Yu \n
Other notable women	\n Cheng Zhenjue \n Lady Gan \n Lady Guan \n Lady Huang \n Lady Mi \n Lady Xiahou \n Li Zhaoyi \n Lady Hu \n Yuan Fu \n
Other notable figures	\n Meng Huo \n Shamoke \n

v t e Zhuge Liang
Significant events in life	\n San Gu Mao Lu \n Battle of Red Cliffs \n Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign \n Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions\n Battle of Wuzhang Plains \n
Writings / speeches	\n Zhuge Liang Collection \n Longzhong Plan \n Chu Shi Biao \n
Legacy	\n Stone Sentinel Maze \n Kongming lantern \n Wooden ox \n Mantou \n Land mine \n Repeating crossbow \n
Related	\n Guo Chong's five Zhuge Liang anecdotes\n Empty Fort Strategy \n Legalism \n
Family	\n Lady Huang (wife) \n Zhuge Zhan (son) \n Zhuge Qiao (adopted son) \n Zhuge Shang (grandson) \n
Notable relatives	\n Huang Chengyan (father-in-law) \n Zhuge clan of Langya \n Zhuge Xuan (cousin-uncle) \n Zhuge Jin (brother) \n Zhuge Ke (nephew) \n Zhuge Rong (nephew) \n Zhuge Dan (cousin) \n
Depictions in popular culture	\n Romance of the Three Kingdoms \n List of media adaptations of Romance of the Three Kingdoms \n

Authority control databases $\"Edit$
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Australia Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Taiwan Latvia Korea Israel
Academics	CiNii
People	Trove
Other	IdRef SNAC

Historical sources

Family background

Physical appearance

Early life (181\u2013207)

Meeting with Liu Bei (207\u2013208)

Recommendation from Sima Hui and Xu Shu

Liu Bei's three visits

Formation of the Sun\u2013Liu alliance (208\u2013209)

Liu's evacuation to Xiakou

Meeting with Sun Quan

Zhang Zhao's recommendation

Battle of Red Cliffs

Service in southern Jing Province (209\u2013211)

Conquest of Yi Province (211\u2013214)

Liu's coronation (214\u2013223)

Appointment as regent (223)

Refusing to submit to Wei (223\u2013225)

Southern Campaign (225\u2013227)

Northern Expeditions (227\u2013234)

Submitting the Chu Shi Biao

Tianshui revolts and Battle of Jieting

Siege of Chencang

Battle of Jianwei

Congratulating Sun Quan on becoming emperor

Ziwu Campaign

Battle of Mount Qi

Battle of Wuzhang Plains

Death and post-mortem events (234)

Burial and posthumous honours

Guo Chong's five anecdotes

Harsh laws

Assassination attempt on Liu Bei

Empty Fort Strategy

Rejecting compliments

Earning the trust of soldiers

Family and descendants

Appraisal and legacy

Holding power as a regent

Economic reforms

Legal and moral reforms

Education and talents enrollment policy

Inventions

Literary works

Notable quotes

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Events before Zhuge Liang's death

Worship of Zhuge Liang

In popular culture

Film and television

Video games

Card games

Comics

See also

Notes

References

Citations from the Sanguozhi

Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu

Citations from the Jin Shu

Other citations

Other sources

Further reading

External links

Zhuge Liang

Talks

11 September, 0234