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Évian Accords
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Évian Accords
The Évian Accords were a set of declarations between the French Government and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains which outlined the agreements for Algeria's Independence alongside cooperation with France. The Accords consisted of five chapters which detailed the guarantees and principals of this Independence. The Accords ended the Algerian War with a cease-fire that was declared on the 19th March 1962, and effectively formalised the status of Algeria as an independent nation.
The start of the Algerian War in 1954 emerged from a growing Algerian nationalist movement. The population was asked to fight in the Second World War alongside the French. In exchange for their duty, they demanded more political and economic rights which were refused. The tensions between the two parties rose when the National Liberation Front (FLN) called for independence in their Declaration of 1 November 1954. The French Government led by Pierre Mendès France declined their requests because of the pressure established by the pieds-noirs and the political context in France.
The war escalated until 1958 with the end of the Fourth Republic and the arrival of Charles de Gaulle to power. This accelerated the process of Independence. On 16 September 1959, de Gaulle acknowledged the principle of self-determination for Algeria. He recognised the FLN as the chosen intermediary to negotiate the terms for independence which led to the referendum on Algerian self-determination on 8 January 1961 for both France and Algeria. The outcome of the referendum were the negotiations between the French government and the FLN in Evian between March 7 and March 18, 1962 leading to the Accords.
The Évian Accords consisted of 93 pages of agreements and arrangements. The Accords covered cease-fire arrangements, prisoner releases, the recognition of full sovereignty and right to self-determination of Algeria. They also detailed guarantees of protection, non-discrimination, and property rights for all Algerian citizens. A section dealing with military issues outlined the withdrawal of French forces over a period of two years, with the exception of those garrisoning at the French military base of Mers El Kébir. Other provisions pledged that there would be no sanctions for any acts committed prior to the ceasefire.
Chapter One stated that a referendum would be held to determine Algeria's independence through cooperation with France. It was established that should a self-determination vote succeed, the National Liberation Front (F.L.N) would be recognised as a legal political body.
Chapter Two covered the specifics of Algeria's independence, and what its cooperation with France would entail. It declared that upon a vote of self-determination, the Algerian State would in its own rights exercise full and complete sovereignty. This section also guaranteed the interests of France in exchange for France's provision of technical and cultural assistance, and social and economic aid. These interests referred specifically to the exercise of mining titles granted by France, preference in granting new mining titles to French companies, and the purchase of Saharan hydrocarbons to be conducted in francs.
Chapter Three covered the withdrawal of French forces from Algerian territory. It was established that they would be gradually reduced following the initial ceasefire, and fully withdrawn from the frontiers of Algeria after a vote of self-determination.
This section also referred to the agreements of Algeria and France's military cooperation, dictating that the Mets-el-Kebir naval base in the Oran should be leased to France for a period of 15 years. It also granted France a number of military airfields within Algerian territory.
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Évian Accords
The Évian Accords were a set of declarations between the French Government and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains which outlined the agreements for Algeria's Independence alongside cooperation with France. The Accords consisted of five chapters which detailed the guarantees and principals of this Independence. The Accords ended the Algerian War with a cease-fire that was declared on the 19th March 1962, and effectively formalised the status of Algeria as an independent nation.
The start of the Algerian War in 1954 emerged from a growing Algerian nationalist movement. The population was asked to fight in the Second World War alongside the French. In exchange for their duty, they demanded more political and economic rights which were refused. The tensions between the two parties rose when the National Liberation Front (FLN) called for independence in their Declaration of 1 November 1954. The French Government led by Pierre Mendès France declined their requests because of the pressure established by the pieds-noirs and the political context in France.
The war escalated until 1958 with the end of the Fourth Republic and the arrival of Charles de Gaulle to power. This accelerated the process of Independence. On 16 September 1959, de Gaulle acknowledged the principle of self-determination for Algeria. He recognised the FLN as the chosen intermediary to negotiate the terms for independence which led to the referendum on Algerian self-determination on 8 January 1961 for both France and Algeria. The outcome of the referendum were the negotiations between the French government and the FLN in Evian between March 7 and March 18, 1962 leading to the Accords.
The Évian Accords consisted of 93 pages of agreements and arrangements. The Accords covered cease-fire arrangements, prisoner releases, the recognition of full sovereignty and right to self-determination of Algeria. They also detailed guarantees of protection, non-discrimination, and property rights for all Algerian citizens. A section dealing with military issues outlined the withdrawal of French forces over a period of two years, with the exception of those garrisoning at the French military base of Mers El Kébir. Other provisions pledged that there would be no sanctions for any acts committed prior to the ceasefire.
Chapter One stated that a referendum would be held to determine Algeria's independence through cooperation with France. It was established that should a self-determination vote succeed, the National Liberation Front (F.L.N) would be recognised as a legal political body.
Chapter Two covered the specifics of Algeria's independence, and what its cooperation with France would entail. It declared that upon a vote of self-determination, the Algerian State would in its own rights exercise full and complete sovereignty. This section also guaranteed the interests of France in exchange for France's provision of technical and cultural assistance, and social and economic aid. These interests referred specifically to the exercise of mining titles granted by France, preference in granting new mining titles to French companies, and the purchase of Saharan hydrocarbons to be conducted in francs.
Chapter Three covered the withdrawal of French forces from Algerian territory. It was established that they would be gradually reduced following the initial ceasefire, and fully withdrawn from the frontiers of Algeria after a vote of self-determination.
This section also referred to the agreements of Algeria and France's military cooperation, dictating that the Mets-el-Kebir naval base in the Oran should be leased to France for a period of 15 years. It also granted France a number of military airfields within Algerian territory.
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