The Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 第七次全国人口普查; pinyin: Dì Qī Cì Quánguó Rénkǒu Pǔchá), also referred to as the 2020 Chinese Census, was the seventh national census conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Census work began on November 1, 2020, and continued through December 10, 2020, involving seven million census workers.

The 2020 Chinese census covers all Chinese citizens living in mainland China, as well as those living abroad on temporary visas. Foreigners who live in the mainland for more than six months are also recorded in the data.

The preliminary results were released on May 11, 2021, with a news conference being held on the same day. The release was originally planned to be in early April, but was delayed by a month.

The population of mainland China was 1,411,778,724 as of 1 November 2020. In addition, Hong Kong's population was 7,474,200 (provided by the Hong Kong SAR Government at the end of 2020) and Macau's population was 683,218 (provided by the Macau SAR Government at the end of 2020).

According to the census, China has 1,430,695 immigrants, divided between 845,697 foreign nationals and 584,998 residents of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.

In October 2015, China scrapped the one-child policy in the hope of boosting the number of births. In 2016, China set a target of increasing its population to about 1.42 billion by 2020, from 1.34 billion in 2010.

After the relaxation of the one-child policy, 17.9 million babies were born in 2016, an increase of 1.3 million over the previous year, but only half of what was expected. In 2017, the birth rate fell to 17.2 million, far below the official forecast of more than 20 million. It is possible that the Chinese government will further relax its fertility policy in the future.

On November 2, 2020, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping answered census workers' questions in Beijing.