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3D printing processes
A variety of processes, equipment, and materials are used in the production of a three-dimensional object via additive manufacturing.
Techniques include jetting, extrusion, additive friction stir deposition, powder bed fusion, binder jetting, stereolithography, computed axial lithography, liquid alternative, lamination, directed energy deposition, selective powder deposition, and cryogenic manufacturing.
3D printing processes, are grouped into seven categories by ASTM International in the ISO/ASTM52900-15:
Each process and piece of equipment has advantages and disadvantages associated with it. These usually involve aspects such as speed, costs, versatility with respect to feedstock, geometrical limitations and tolerances, as well as a mechanical and appearance properties of the products such as strength, texture, and color.
The variety of processes and equipment allows for numerous uses by amateurs and professionals alike. Some lend themselves better toward industry use (in this case the term additive manufacturing is preferred) whereas others make 3D printing accessible to the average consumer. Some printers are large enough to fabricate buildings whilst others tend to micro and nanoscale sized objects and in general many different technologies can be exploited to physically produce the designed objects.
Inkjet printing was pioneered by Teletype which introduced the electrostatic pull Inktronic teleprinter in 1966. The printer had 40 jets that offered a break-through speed of 120 characters per second.
Continuous inkjets were popular in the 1950–1960's before Drop-On-Demand inkjets were invented in 1972. Continuous three-dimensional inks were wax based and low temperature metal alloys. Printing with these hot-melt inks produced alpha-numeric characters that were solid and raised, but no one recognized them as 3D printing. In 1971, a young engineer, Johannes Gottwald patented a liquid metal recorder that printed large characters in metal for signage, but Teletype Corp ignored the discovery. Braille was printed with wax inks but never commercialized in the 1960s.
R.H. Research researched printing from 1982 -1983 and decided that single-nozzle inkjet was a possible fit. He recruited engineers Al Hock, Tom Peer, Dave Lutz, Jim and Kathy McMahon to join the company, which became Howtek, Inc. The company's Pixelmaster device used Tefzel nozzles, which allowed the inkjet to work at high temperature and support thermoplastic hot-melt inks. The device could handle a frequency range of 1–16,000 drops per second. It featured 32 inkjet single nozzles per printhead, printing 4 colors (8 jets per color) CMYK. The printhead rotated at 121 rpm and placed uniform drops precisely as subtractive printing. This technology of hot-melt inks printing layers of CMYK was a precursor to a 3D patent by Richard Helinski.
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3D printing processes
A variety of processes, equipment, and materials are used in the production of a three-dimensional object via additive manufacturing.
Techniques include jetting, extrusion, additive friction stir deposition, powder bed fusion, binder jetting, stereolithography, computed axial lithography, liquid alternative, lamination, directed energy deposition, selective powder deposition, and cryogenic manufacturing.
3D printing processes, are grouped into seven categories by ASTM International in the ISO/ASTM52900-15:
Each process and piece of equipment has advantages and disadvantages associated with it. These usually involve aspects such as speed, costs, versatility with respect to feedstock, geometrical limitations and tolerances, as well as a mechanical and appearance properties of the products such as strength, texture, and color.
The variety of processes and equipment allows for numerous uses by amateurs and professionals alike. Some lend themselves better toward industry use (in this case the term additive manufacturing is preferred) whereas others make 3D printing accessible to the average consumer. Some printers are large enough to fabricate buildings whilst others tend to micro and nanoscale sized objects and in general many different technologies can be exploited to physically produce the designed objects.
Inkjet printing was pioneered by Teletype which introduced the electrostatic pull Inktronic teleprinter in 1966. The printer had 40 jets that offered a break-through speed of 120 characters per second.
Continuous inkjets were popular in the 1950–1960's before Drop-On-Demand inkjets were invented in 1972. Continuous three-dimensional inks were wax based and low temperature metal alloys. Printing with these hot-melt inks produced alpha-numeric characters that were solid and raised, but no one recognized them as 3D printing. In 1971, a young engineer, Johannes Gottwald patented a liquid metal recorder that printed large characters in metal for signage, but Teletype Corp ignored the discovery. Braille was printed with wax inks but never commercialized in the 1960s.
R.H. Research researched printing from 1982 -1983 and decided that single-nozzle inkjet was a possible fit. He recruited engineers Al Hock, Tom Peer, Dave Lutz, Jim and Kathy McMahon to join the company, which became Howtek, Inc. The company's Pixelmaster device used Tefzel nozzles, which allowed the inkjet to work at high temperature and support thermoplastic hot-melt inks. The device could handle a frequency range of 1–16,000 drops per second. It featured 32 inkjet single nozzles per printhead, printing 4 colors (8 jets per color) CMYK. The printhead rotated at 121 rpm and placed uniform drops precisely as subtractive printing. This technology of hot-melt inks printing layers of CMYK was a precursor to a 3D patent by Richard Helinski.