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Absolute radio-frequency channel number
Absolute radio-frequency channel number
Absolute radio-frequency channel number
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In GSM cellular networks, an absolute radio-frequency channel number (ARFCN) is a code that specifies a pair of physical radio carriers used for transmission and reception in a land mobile radio system, one for the uplink signal and one for the downlink signal. ARFCNs for GSM are defined in Specification 45.005 Section 2. There are also other variants of the ARFCN numbering scheme that are in use for other systems that are not GSM. One such example is the TETRA system that has 25 kHz channel spacing and uses different base frequencies for numbering.

Different frequencies (ARFCNs) are used for the frequency-based component of GSMs multiple access scheme (FDMA — frequency-division multiple access). Uplink/downlink channel pairs in GSM are identified by ARFCN. Together with the time-based component (TDMA — time-division multiple access) the physical channel is defined by selecting a certain ARFCN and a certain time slot. Note not to confuse this physical channel with the logical channels (e.g. BCCH — Broadcast Control Channel) that are time-multiplexed onto it under the rules of GSM Specification 05.03.

ARFCN table for common GSM systems

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This table shows the common channel numbers and corresponding uplink and downlink frequencies associated with a particular ARFCN, as well as the way to calculate the frequency from the ARFCN number and vice versa.

Observe this table only deals with GSM systems. There are other mobile telecommunications systems that do use ARFCN to number their channels, but they may use different offsets, channel spacing and so on.

Band Designation ARFCN fUL [MHz] fDL [MHz]
GSM 500 GSM 450 259−293   450.6 + 0.2·(n−259) fUL(n) + 10
GSM 480 306−340   479.0 + 0.2·(n−306)[1] fUL(n) + 10
GSM 700 GSM 750 438−511   747.2 + 0.2·(n−438)[2] fUL(n) + 30
GSM 850 GSM 850 128−251   824.2 + 0.2·(n−128) fUL(n) + 45
GSM 900 P-GSM     1−124   890.0 + 0.2·n fUL(n) + 45
E-GSM     0−124
975−1023 		  890.0 + 0.2·n
  890.0 + 0.2·(n−1024) 		fUL(n) + 45
GSM-R     0−124
955−1023 		  890.0 + 0.2·n
  890.0 + 0.2·(n−1024) 		fUL(n) + 45
GSM 1800 DCS 1800 512−885 1710.2 + 0.2·(n−512) fUL(n) + 95
GSM 1900 PCS 1900 512−810 1850.2 + 0.2·(n−512) fUL(n) + 80

Other versions of ARFCN

[edit]

TETRA uses different channel spacing compared to GSM systems. The standard is 25 kHz spacing and the center frequency of each channel may be offset in a number of fashions such as ±12.5 kHz or even ±6.25 kHz. This makes it more tricky to correlate the ARFCN strictly to a pair of frequencies, you need to know the specifics of the system. Also the duplex spacing is generally 10 MHz in TETRA although other versions are available for certain applications.

In TETRA the ARFCN is always given for the downlink frequency, the uplink is by standard 10 MHz lower in frequency than the downlink frequency.

In UMTS for 3G and 4G mobile telephone systems, ARFCN is replaced with UARFCN and EARFCN which are simpler and always has a direct relation between the frequency and the channel number.

Example ARFCN for TETRA

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In many countries in Europe there is a standardised set of frequencies used for blue light services i.e. the police, firebrigade, rescue and so on. This set of frequencies correspond to ARFCN with a base of 300 MHz and an offset of 12.5 kHz.

To calculate the ARFCN from frequency the following method is used:

Where:

f is the actual frequency [MHz]
fb is the base frequency [MHz]
fo is the offset frequency [MHz]
fc is the channel spacing frequency [MHz]

The range of frequencies used in these tetra systems are defined by 380-385 MHz for the uplink (mobile to radio base station) paired with 390-395 MHz for the downlink (radio base station to mobile). Therefore, the base frequency fb is 300 MHz (the baseband frequency to relate from) and the offset is 0.0125 MHz (12.5 kHz) and thus we get the relation:

Inseting the frequency for the first channel 390.0125 MHz gives us an ARFCN of 3600.

Calculating the frequency from ARFCN is just the reverse of this:

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Absolute radio-frequency channel number

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The Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) is a standardized numerical code used in cellular to uniquely identify specific pairs of uplink and downlink radio carrier frequencies within defined frequency bands, facilitating precise channel allocation, synchronization, and communication between and base stations in systems such as , LTE, and . Originally introduced in the , the ARFCN operates on a 200 kHz channel raster and maps to band-specific frequency ranges, such as 890–915 MHz for uplink and 935–960 MHz for downlink in the P-GSM 900 band, with values typically ranging from 1 to 124 for primary channels. In , the uplink frequency FUL(n)F_{UL}(n) is calculated as FUL(n)=FUL,base+0.2×(N−Nbase)F_{UL}(n) = F_{UL,base} + 0.2 \times (N - N_{base}) MHz, where NN is the ARFCN and parameters like FUL,baseF_{UL,base} and NbaseN_{base} are band-dependent, enabling efficient spectrum utilization across multiple bands including DCS 1800 (1710–1785 MHz uplink) and PCS 1900 (1850–1910 MHz uplink). This system supports , interference avoidance, and multi-band operations in networks. Evolving with 3G and 4G technologies, the concept extended to the E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) in LTE, which uses a finer 100 kHz raster and a global range of 0 to 262143 for both uplink and downlink, accommodating over 40 operating bands such as Band 1 (1920–1980 MHz uplink, 2110–2170 MHz downlink). The downlink frequency is derived via FDL=FDL−low+0.1×(NDL−NOffs−DL)F_{DL} = F_{DL-low} + 0.1 \times (N_{DL} - N_{Offs-DL}) MHz, with band-specific offsets ensuring compatibility in FDD and TDD modes, while supporting channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz for enhanced data rates and carrier aggregation. In 5G New Radio (NR), the NR-ARFCN further refines this with a global frequency raster spanning 0–100 GHz, featuring variable steps (5 kHz below 3 GHz, 15 kHz up to 24.25 GHz, and 60 kHz above), and a range of 0 to 3279165, divided into Frequency Range 1 (FR1: 410 MHz–7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25–71 GHz). Carrier frequencies are computed as FREF=FREF−Offs+ΔFGlobal×(N−NOffs)F_{REF} = F_{REF-Offs} + \Delta F_{Global} \times (N - N_{Offs}), integrating with synchronization rasters and Global Synchronization Channel Numbers (GSCN) to support sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave deployments across hundreds of bands.

Fundamentals

Definition

The Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) is a unique integer code that specifies a pair of physical radio carrier frequencies—one for the uplink signal from to and one for the downlink signal from to —used for transmission and reception in land mobile radio systems such as GSM/EDGE. This designates the carrier frequency employed in a cell, with frequencies spaced at 200 kHz intervals to support efficient utilization. ARFCN originates from the GSM specifications defined in 3GPP TS 45.005, where it serves to identify channels within (FDMA) and (TDMA) frameworks. In these systems, ARFCN applies to the , enabling the assignment of carrier frequencies that form the basis for TDMA frames, each comprising eight time slots. ARFCN must be distinguished from logical channels, such as the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), which define the type of information carried over specific time slots within the physical channel identified by the ARFCN; logical channels operate at higher layers and do not directly correspond to frequency assignments. Similarly, ARFCN differs from time slot allocations in TDMA, as it pertains solely to the underlying frequency pair rather than the temporal division of the carrier. By providing a standardized numbering that accounts for band-specific contexts—often via a band indicator in multi-band deployments—ARFCN ensures global uniqueness across different frequency bands, preventing ambiguity in channel identification during network operations.

Purpose and Role

The Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) plays a crucial role in cellular networks by providing a standardized identifier for specific pairs of uplink and downlink carrier frequencies, which simplifies frequency planning and enables efficient across allocated bands. This numbering scheme allows network operators to assign channels methodically, reducing complexity in deploying and maintaining multi-cell architectures while supporting dynamic mappings valid throughout entire mobile networks (PLMNs). By designating carriers with precise 200 kHz spacing in systems like , ARFCN facilitates interference avoidance through adherence to carrier-to-interference (C/I) ratios, such as 9 dB for co-channel and -9 dB for adjacent-channel scenarios, ensuring reliable signal quality without excessive overlap. In day-to-day operations, ARFCN is integral to initial cell search and processes, where mobile stations scan designated ARFCNs to locate base stations and achieve timing alignment using synchronization bursts. During device attachment to the network, it supports channel allocation by linking numerical identifiers to control channels like the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) and Synchronization Channel (SCH), as well as traffic channels, allowing for rapid assignment of resources. For procedures, ARFCN enables smooth transitions between cells by specifying target frequencies, with broadcast system information conveying neighbor cell mappings to minimize disruptions in ongoing connections. ARFCN enhances overall spectrum efficiency by discretely mapping channels to blocks, promoting techniques like reuse in cellular layouts and reallocation of unused carriers to maximize bandwidth utilization within limited allocations. This approach supports higher capacity in dense deployments without requiring continuous retuning. Its definition and application are standardized by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (), as detailed in specifications like TS 45.005, which promotes interoperability by ensuring consistent implementation across vendors, operators, and regional deployments.

Calculation Methods

General Principles

The absolute radio-frequency channel number (ARFCN) provides a systematic way to identify specific carrier frequencies within radio systems by establishing a direct mathematical mapping. The foundational approach employs a linear relationship, expressed as F=Fref+N×ΔFF = F_{\text{ref}} + N \times \Delta F, where FF is the carrier , FrefF_{\text{ref}} is a band-specific , NN is the ARFCN value, and ΔF\Delta F is the channel bandwidth (or spacing). This formula ensures that each integer ARFCN corresponds to a unique point, facilitating precise planning and allocation in systems like and its evolutions. In frequency-division duplex (FDD) configurations, an additional duplex offset is applied to distinguish uplink and downlink carriers, typically yielding the uplink as FUL=FDL+DF_{\text{UL}} = F_{\text{DL}} + D, where DD is the offset value defined for the operating band. A key principle underlying ARFCN is adherence to the channel raster, which defines the discrete grid for channel placement. For instance, in systems, the raster is 200 kHz, meaning ARFCN values align carrier centers to multiples of this interval from the , preventing overlap and reducing inter-channel interference. This raster ensures by confining emissions within allocated slots and supports across devices by standardizing granularity. Similar rasters, such as 100 kHz in LTE, maintain this alignment principle across different technologies, allowing ARFCN to enforce regulatory and system-specific discipline. To manage the complexity of multi-band operations, ARFCN schemes incorporate global numbering that assigns unique identifiers across the , avoiding ambiguities or overlaps between bands. In , band-specific ARFCN ranges (e.g., 1–124 for one band versus higher ranges for others) combined with contextual band information achieve this uniqueness. In LTE, the ARFCN (EARFCN) extends this globally with non-overlapping ranges (0–262143 total), using offsets like NOffsN_{\text{Offs}} in the linear to ensure each channel has a distinct number regardless of band. This approach simplifies network configuration and procedures while preventing erroneous assignments across diverse allocations.

Band-Specific Formulas

The band-specific formulas for converting Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Numbers (ARFCNs) to actual frequencies in GSM systems follow a linear mapping principle, where each ARFCN corresponds to a 200 kHz channel raster offset from a reference frequency, with distinct equations tailored to the operating band's uplink and downlink duplex spacing. For the P-GSM 900 band, the downlink frequency FDLF_{DL} in MHz is given by FDL=935.2+0.2×(N−1),F_{DL} = 935.2 + 0.2 \times (N - 1), where NN is the ARFCN ranging from 1 to 124, and the uplink frequency FULF_{UL} is FUL=FDL−45F_{UL} = F_{DL} - 45, or equivalently FUL=890.2+0.2×(N−1)F_{UL} = 890.2 + 0.2 \times (N - 1). This yields downlink frequencies from 935.2 MHz to 959.8 MHz and uplink from 890.2 MHz to 914.8 MHz. For the extended E-GSM 900 band, the same formulas apply for ARFCNs 1 to 124, while ARFCNs 975 to 1023 use FDL=925.2+0.2×(N−975),FUL=FDL−45,F_{DL} = 925.2 + 0.2 \times (N - 975), \quad F_{UL} = F_{DL} - 45, extending the downlink range down to 925.2 MHz for additional spectrum utilization. In the DCS 1800 band, the formulas are FDL=1805.2+0.2×(N−512),FUL=FDL−95,F_{DL} = 1805.2 + 0.2 \times (N - 512), \quad F_{UL} = F_{DL} - 95, for ARFCNs 512 to 885, resulting in downlink frequencies from 1805.2 MHz to 1879.8 MHz and uplink from 1710.2 MHz to 1784.8 MHz, with a 95 MHz duplex spacing to accommodate higher-frequency operations. For the 850 band, used primarily in the , the conversion is FDL=869.2+0.2×(N−128),FUL=FDL−45,F_{DL} = 869.2 + 0.2 \times (N - 128), \quad F_{UL} = F_{DL} - 45, with ARFCNs 128 to 251, covering downlink from 869.2 MHz to 893.8 MHz and uplink from 824.2 MHz to 848.8 MHz. Similarly, the PCS 1900 band employs FDL=1930.2+0.2×(N−512),FUL=FDL−80,F_{DL} = 1930.2 + 0.2 \times (N - 512), \quad F_{UL} = F_{DL} - 80, for ARFCNs 512 to 810, spanning downlink 1930.2 MHz to 1989.8 MHz and uplink 1850.2 MHz to 1909.8 MHz, reflecting its 80 MHz duplex offset. Reverse conversion from frequency to ARFCN follows the inverse of these equations, such as for P-GSM 900 downlink: N=FDL−935.20.2+1,N = \frac{F_{DL} - 935.2}{0.2} + 1, with the result rounded to the nearest integer to ensure alignment with the 200 kHz raster; equivalent rearrangements apply to other bands and uplink directions, maintaining precision within the defined ranges. Half-rate channels, which affect data rates rather than carrier frequencies, do not alter these ARFCN-to-frequency mappings.

Application in GSM

GSM Frequency Bands

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) operates across several frequency bands allocated for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks, primarily defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and harmonized under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations for mobile services in specific regions. These bands support frequency-division duplex (FDD) operation, where uplink (mobile-to-base) and downlink (base-to-mobile) frequencies are separated to enable simultaneous transmission and reception. The primary bands include the original Primary GSM 900 (P-GSM 900), its Extended GSM 900 (E-GSM 900) extension, Digital Cellular System 1800 (DCS 1800), Personal Communications Service 1900 (PCS 1900), and PCS 850, each tailored to regional spectrum availability and propagation needs. P-GSM 900 utilizes the uplink band of 890–915 MHz and downlink band of 935–960 MHz, providing a 25 MHz bandwidth per direction with a 45 MHz duplex spacing; this band was the foundational allocation for in ITU Region 1 (, , ). E-GSM 900 extends this by adding lower frequencies, expanding the uplink to 880–915 MHz and downlink to 925–960 MHz (35 MHz bandwidth per direction, still with 45 MHz duplex spacing), to accommodate growing demand without disrupting existing deployments. DCS 1800, deployed in higher frequencies for denser urban environments, operates on 1710–1785 MHz uplink and 1805–1880 MHz downlink (75 MHz bandwidth, 95 MHz duplex spacing), while PCS 1900 in uses 1850–1910 MHz uplink and 1930–1990 MHz downlink (60 MHz bandwidth, 80 MHz duplex spacing). PCS 850, also North American, employs 824–849 MHz uplink and 869–894 MHz downlink (25 MHz bandwidth, 45 MHz duplex spacing). Across these bands, ETSI specifications include 200 kHz guard bands at the edges to minimize interference with adjacent services. These allocations originated from ITU designations for the mobile service, with ETSI standardizing the channel arrangements to ensure ; for instance, the 900 MHz bands were identified in ITU Region 1 for networks, while 1800 MHz and the ' 850/1900 MHz bands followed regional harmonization efforts in the late and early . Guard bands and duplex spacings prevent overlap and , supporting reliable operation within the allocated spectrum. GSM band usage evolved from initial 2G deployments in the early 1990s, with Phase 1 specifications frozen in and the first commercial network launching in in 1991 using P-GSM 900. By the mid-1990s, extensions like E-GSM 900 and DCS 1800 were introduced to expand capacity, leading to widespread global adoption by the early . Today, these bands provide legacy support in modern networks, often refarmed for / compatibility or low-power IoT applications, maintaining backward compatibility for older devices. Band-specific propagation characteristics significantly influence deployment strategies; for example, the 900 MHz band's lower frequencies enable superior penetration through obstacles and extended range in rural areas compared to higher bands like 1800 MHz, which favor capacity in urban settings but suffer greater path loss over distance.
BandUplink (MHz)Downlink (MHz)Bandwidth (MHz, per direction)Duplex Spacing (MHz)
P-GSM 900890–915935–9602545
E-GSM 900880–915925–9603545
DCS 18001710–17851805–18807595
PCS 19001850–19101930–19906080
PCS 850824–849869–8942545

ARFCN Ranges and Tables

In systems, ARFCN assignments are defined for specific frequency bands to ensure standardized channel allocation. For the primary GSM 900 band (P-GSM), valid ARFCNs range from 1 to 124, corresponding to uplink frequencies of 890 to 915 MHz and downlink frequencies of 935 to 960 MHz with a 45 MHz duplex spacing. Extended variants like E-GSM 900 expand this to ARFCNs 0 to 124 and 975 to , covering uplink 880 to 915 MHz and downlink 925 to 960 MHz, also with 45 MHz spacing. These ranges accommodate the 200 kHz channel raster while avoiding overlap with adjacent services. For higher-frequency bands, GSM 1800 (DCS 1800) uses ARFCNs 512 to 885, mapping to uplink 1710 to 1785 MHz and downlink 1805 to 1880 MHz with 95 MHz duplex spacing. In the , 850 employs ARFCNs 128 to 251 for uplink 824 to 849 MHz and downlink 869 to 894 MHz (45 MHz spacing), while 1900 (PCS 1900) utilizes ARFCNs 512 to 810 for uplink 1850 to 1910 MHz and downlink 1930 to 1990 MHz (80 MHz spacing). These band-specific ranges prevent interference and support regional allocations. The following table summarizes the valid ARFCN ranges and frequency mappings for these common GSM bands, based on fixed channel designations. Frequencies are in MHz and follow a 200 kHz increment from the base values.
BandARFCN RangeUplink Base (MHz)Downlink Base (MHz)Duplex Spacing (MHz)Example ARFCN (Uplink/Downlink)
GSM 900 (P-GSM)1–124890 + 0.2 × (ARFCN)Uplink + 4545ARFCN 1: 890.2 / 935.2
E-GSM 9000–124, 975–1023890 + 0.2 × (ARFCN mod 1024 adjustment)Uplink + 4545ARFCN 51: 900.2 / 945.2
GSM 1800 (DCS)512–8851710.2 + 0.2 × (ARFCN – 512)Uplink + 9595ARFCN 512: 1710.2 / 1805.2
GSM 850128–251824.2 + 0.2 × (ARFCN – 128)Uplink + 4545ARFCN 128: 824.2 / 869.2
GSM 1900 (PCS)512–8101850.2 + 0.2 × (ARFCN – 512)Uplink + 8080ARFCN 512: 1850.2 / 1930.2
ARFCN 0 is invalid in P-GSM 900 but valid in E-GSM 900 extensions, while values above or outside defined band ranges (e.g., 125–127, 252–511 for certain bands) are reserved or unused to prevent invalid channel selections and ensure compatibility. In multi-band networks, overlapping ARFCNs like 512–810 are disambiguated using a band indicator in signaling, allowing the same number to represent different frequencies in versus deployments—for instance, ARFCN 512 denotes 1710.2 MHz uplink in but 1850.2 MHz uplink in .

Variations in Other Systems

TETRA Implementation

In the TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) standard, the absolute radio-frequency channel number (ARFCN) is adapted to support (PMR) applications, particularly in public safety and critical communications, with a focus on narrowband digital trunked systems rather than broad cellular networks like . Unlike 's 200 kHz channel spacing, TETRA employs a 25 kHz raster to optimize spectrum efficiency in licensed PMR bands, enabling higher channel density for mission-critical voice and data services in sectors such as services, utilities, and transportation. TETRA's duplexing uses a 10 MHz offset between uplink ( to ) and downlink ( to ) frequencies in the primary 380-400 MHz band, with uplink ranging from 380-390 MHz and downlink from 390-400 MHz. The ARFCN, referred to as the carrier number in the standard, designates paired frequencies and starts from band-specific values rather than across all bands. Channel numbering incorporates an optional offset of -6.25 kHz, 0 kHz, +6.25 kHz, or +12.5 kHz to align with regulatory allocations, with +12.5 kHz commonly used in the 380-400 MHz band for precise carrier placement. The frequency calculation formula for the downlink is given by: fDL=300+0.025×ARFCN+offset1000f_{DL} = 300 + 0.025 \times ARFCN + \frac{offset}{1000} MHz, where the base frequency is 300 MHz, ARFCN is the integer carrier number, and offset is in kHz (e.g., +12.5 kHz). The uplink frequency is then fUL=fDL−10f_{UL} = f_{DL} - 10 MHz. For the 380-400 MHz band, carrier numbers range from 3600 to 3999, providing 400 channels in the 10 MHz downlink portion of the 20 MHz total band allocation. As a representative example, ARFCN 3600 with a +12.5 kHz offset yields a downlink frequency of 390.0125 MHz and an uplink frequency of 380.0125 MHz, marking the lower edge of the band. This implementation supports TETRA's role in PMR for public safety by enabling robust, group-oriented communications with low latency and high reliability in non-cellular environments, where is shared among professional users rather than mass-market subscribers.

Evolutions in Later Standards

As cellular standards progressed beyond , the ARFCN concept evolved to accommodate wider bandwidths, higher frequencies, and more flexible allocation in , , and systems. In UMTS using WCDMA, the UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN) was introduced to designate carrier frequencies with a nominal 5 MHz spacing between adjacent channels, enabling efficient use of paired bands. For example, in UMTS , uplink UARFCNs range from 9612 to 9888, corresponding to frequencies from 1922.4 MHz to 1987.6 MHz. In 4G LTE, the Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) extended this framework to support channel bandwidths up to 20 MHz across diverse operating bands, with a 100 kHz channel raster for finer granularity suited to OFDMA modulation. The uplink EARFCN NULN_{UL} is calculated as NUL=NOffs−UL+10×(FUL−FUL−low)N_{UL} = N_{Offs-UL} + 10 \times (F_{UL} - F_{UL-low}), where FULF_{UL} is the uplink carrier in MHz, FUL−lowF_{UL-low} is the lowest in the band, and NOffs−ULN_{Offs-UL} is the band-specific offset; EARFCNs range from 0 to 262143 to cover frequencies up to approximately 55.5 GHz, though primarily used below 6 GHz. For , the NR Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (NR-ARFCN) further scaled the approach with a global raster supporting sub-6 GHz (FR1) and mmWave () bands up to 71 GHz (as defined in Release 18), using variable raster steps of 5 kHz below 3 GHz, 15 kHz up to 24.25 GHz, and 60 kHz above for precise OFDM subcarrier alignment. The FrefF_{ref} (MHz) is given by Fref=FREF−Offs+0.001×ΔFGlobal×(N−NREF−Offs)F_{ref} = F_{REF-Offs} + 0.001 \times \Delta F_{Global} \times (N - N_{REF-Offs}), where NN is the NR-ARFCN, ΔFGlobal\Delta F_{Global} is the global raster step in kHz, and FREF−OffsF_{REF-Offs}, NREF−OffsN_{REF-Offs} are offsets for the range (e.g., 0 MHz and 0 below 3 GHz); NR-ARFCNs extend from 0 to 3279165 to encompass the expanded spectrum. These evolutions reflect key adaptations: expanded numbering ranges to handle broader allocations from sub-6 GHz to mmWave frequencies, and reduced raster (from 200 kHz in to 1-15 kHz in NR) to optimize OFDM-based multicarrier efficiency while maintaining backward compatibility with earlier channel numbering principles.
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