Community hub
Recent from talks
Knowledge base stats:
Talk channels stats:
Members stats:
ARNTL2
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 2, also known as Arntl2, Mop9, Bmal2, or Clif, is a gene.
Arntl2 is a paralog to Arntl, which are both homologs of the Drosophila Cycle. Homologs were also isolated in fish, birds and mammals such as mice and humans. Based on phylogenetic analyses, it was proposed that Arntl2 arose from duplication of the Arntl gene early in the vertebrate lineage, followed by rapid divergence of the Arntl gene copy. The protein product of the gene interacts with both CLOCK and NPAS2 to bind to E-box sequences in regulated promoters and activate their transcription. Although Arntl2 is not required for normal function of the mammalian circadian oscillator, it may play an important role in mediating the output of the circadian clock. Perhaps because of this, there is relatively little published literature on the role of Arntl2 in regulation of physiology.
Arntl2 is a candidate gene for human type 1 diabetes.
In overexpression studies, ARNTL2 protein forms a heterodimer with CLOCK to regulate E-box sequences in the Pai-1 promoter. Recent work suggest that this interaction may be in concert with ARNTL/CLOCK heterodimeric complexes.
The ARNTL2 gene was originally discovered in 2000 by John B. Hogenesch et al. under the name MOP9 as a part of the PAS domain superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors and as a homolog to ARNTL/MOP3. Hogenesch’s initial characterization of MOP9 indicated the role of the MOP9 protein as a partner of the bHLH-PAS transcription factor CLOCK in that the MOP9 protein forms a transcriptionally-active heterodimer with the circadian CLOCK protein. The MOP9 protein, like the MOP3 protein, was also found to form heterodimers with MOP4 and hypoxia-inducible factors including HIF1α. The MOP9 gene was found to be coexpressed with CLOCK in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus, the site of the central mammalian circadian oscillator. Due to MOP9 exhibiting extensive sequence identity with genes such as MOP3 and CYCLE, its dimerization with CLOCK, and the brain-specific expression of MOP9, particularly its expression in the SCN, Hogenesch et al. proposed that MOP9 is involved in the regulation of locomotor activity as a part of the mammalian circadian system. Further studies on the MOP9 gene have adopted the names ARNTL2 and BMAL2 in the same style as the previously-discovered ARNTL gene. Like ARNTL/BMAL1, one of the earliest discovered functions of BMAL2 in the circadian system was through its formation of the BMAL2-CLOCK heterodimer, and the relative transactivation of BMAL2-CLOCK and BMAL1-CLOCK have also indicated that BMAL1 and BMAL2 have distinguishable and individually important roles in the circadian system. Knockout studies of BMAL1 and BMAL2 have also demonstrated the regulatory effect of BMAL1 on BMAL2 expression, and have indicated that BMAL2 may play a more significant role in the circadian system than previously appreciated, although the exact nature of the role of BMAL2 has not yet been fully elucidated.
The BMAL2 protein follows the basic helix-loop-helix structure of the PER-ARNT-SIM family and contains a bHLH-PAS domain in its N-terminal region and a variable C-terminus. The PAS domain acts as a dimerization and binding surface in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Overall, BMAL2 shares much of its structure with BMAL1. However, the location on Chromosome 12 of BMAL2 in humans suggests that the gene may have a different function in the embryo.
BMAL2 forms a heterodimer with CLOCK, and activates transcription, and plays a role in the molecular oscillator. BMAL1 and BMAL2 are positive regulators and activate transcription by binding to proximal (–565 to –560 bp) and distal (–680 to –675 bp) E-box enhancers of the PAI-1 promoter. BMAL 2 functions similarly to BMAL1, but a research study from 2009 found differences in affinities of the homolog genes. The Per2 gene showed a stronger affinity to the BMAL2-CLOCK complex, and CRY2 had a stronger affinity to BMAL1-CLOCK complex. Per2 and CRY2 both inhibit the complexes, and negatively regulate transcription. The true function on Bmal2 is not yet fully understood., A 2010 study by Shi el. al shows that overexpression of BMAL2 in a BMAL1 knockout mice rescues locomotor rhythms and metabolic rhythms. In the same study, rhythmicity was not rescued in peripheral tissues, such as the liver and lung. Bmal2 cannot replace Bmal1, and the two are not interchangeable. The protein does play an active role in the oscillator, but Bmal2 is not required for circadian oscillations in mice.
Orthologs for BMAL2 have been found in many mammals other than humans, including chimpanzees, dogs and cows (ARNTL2), mice (Arntl2 and Bmal2), and rats (ARNTL2), as well as in zebrafish. ARNTL2 genes differ significantly more between species than ARNTL genes– BMAL2 proteins have diverged 20 times as quickly as BMAL1 proteins since the genes diverged, suggesting an unidentified function in BMAL1 that does not exist in BMAL2. Human and zebrafish BMAL2 proteins contained only 66% of the same amino acids, rather than 85% between human and zebrafish BMAL1 proteins. Identifying the cause of the comparatively significant differences across species in BMAL2 will be significant for understanding the function of BMAL2 in the circadian clock.
Hub AI
ARNTL2 AI simulator
(@ARNTL2_simulator)
ARNTL2
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 2, also known as Arntl2, Mop9, Bmal2, or Clif, is a gene.
Arntl2 is a paralog to Arntl, which are both homologs of the Drosophila Cycle. Homologs were also isolated in fish, birds and mammals such as mice and humans. Based on phylogenetic analyses, it was proposed that Arntl2 arose from duplication of the Arntl gene early in the vertebrate lineage, followed by rapid divergence of the Arntl gene copy. The protein product of the gene interacts with both CLOCK and NPAS2 to bind to E-box sequences in regulated promoters and activate their transcription. Although Arntl2 is not required for normal function of the mammalian circadian oscillator, it may play an important role in mediating the output of the circadian clock. Perhaps because of this, there is relatively little published literature on the role of Arntl2 in regulation of physiology.
Arntl2 is a candidate gene for human type 1 diabetes.
In overexpression studies, ARNTL2 protein forms a heterodimer with CLOCK to regulate E-box sequences in the Pai-1 promoter. Recent work suggest that this interaction may be in concert with ARNTL/CLOCK heterodimeric complexes.
The ARNTL2 gene was originally discovered in 2000 by John B. Hogenesch et al. under the name MOP9 as a part of the PAS domain superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors and as a homolog to ARNTL/MOP3. Hogenesch’s initial characterization of MOP9 indicated the role of the MOP9 protein as a partner of the bHLH-PAS transcription factor CLOCK in that the MOP9 protein forms a transcriptionally-active heterodimer with the circadian CLOCK protein. The MOP9 protein, like the MOP3 protein, was also found to form heterodimers with MOP4 and hypoxia-inducible factors including HIF1α. The MOP9 gene was found to be coexpressed with CLOCK in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus, the site of the central mammalian circadian oscillator. Due to MOP9 exhibiting extensive sequence identity with genes such as MOP3 and CYCLE, its dimerization with CLOCK, and the brain-specific expression of MOP9, particularly its expression in the SCN, Hogenesch et al. proposed that MOP9 is involved in the regulation of locomotor activity as a part of the mammalian circadian system. Further studies on the MOP9 gene have adopted the names ARNTL2 and BMAL2 in the same style as the previously-discovered ARNTL gene. Like ARNTL/BMAL1, one of the earliest discovered functions of BMAL2 in the circadian system was through its formation of the BMAL2-CLOCK heterodimer, and the relative transactivation of BMAL2-CLOCK and BMAL1-CLOCK have also indicated that BMAL1 and BMAL2 have distinguishable and individually important roles in the circadian system. Knockout studies of BMAL1 and BMAL2 have also demonstrated the regulatory effect of BMAL1 on BMAL2 expression, and have indicated that BMAL2 may play a more significant role in the circadian system than previously appreciated, although the exact nature of the role of BMAL2 has not yet been fully elucidated.
The BMAL2 protein follows the basic helix-loop-helix structure of the PER-ARNT-SIM family and contains a bHLH-PAS domain in its N-terminal region and a variable C-terminus. The PAS domain acts as a dimerization and binding surface in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Overall, BMAL2 shares much of its structure with BMAL1. However, the location on Chromosome 12 of BMAL2 in humans suggests that the gene may have a different function in the embryo.
BMAL2 forms a heterodimer with CLOCK, and activates transcription, and plays a role in the molecular oscillator. BMAL1 and BMAL2 are positive regulators and activate transcription by binding to proximal (–565 to –560 bp) and distal (–680 to –675 bp) E-box enhancers of the PAI-1 promoter. BMAL 2 functions similarly to BMAL1, but a research study from 2009 found differences in affinities of the homolog genes. The Per2 gene showed a stronger affinity to the BMAL2-CLOCK complex, and CRY2 had a stronger affinity to BMAL1-CLOCK complex. Per2 and CRY2 both inhibit the complexes, and negatively regulate transcription. The true function on Bmal2 is not yet fully understood., A 2010 study by Shi el. al shows that overexpression of BMAL2 in a BMAL1 knockout mice rescues locomotor rhythms and metabolic rhythms. In the same study, rhythmicity was not rescued in peripheral tissues, such as the liver and lung. Bmal2 cannot replace Bmal1, and the two are not interchangeable. The protein does play an active role in the oscillator, but Bmal2 is not required for circadian oscillations in mice.
Orthologs for BMAL2 have been found in many mammals other than humans, including chimpanzees, dogs and cows (ARNTL2), mice (Arntl2 and Bmal2), and rats (ARNTL2), as well as in zebrafish. ARNTL2 genes differ significantly more between species than ARNTL genes– BMAL2 proteins have diverged 20 times as quickly as BMAL1 proteins since the genes diverged, suggesting an unidentified function in BMAL1 that does not exist in BMAL2. Human and zebrafish BMAL2 proteins contained only 66% of the same amino acids, rather than 85% between human and zebrafish BMAL1 proteins. Identifying the cause of the comparatively significant differences across species in BMAL2 will be significant for understanding the function of BMAL2 in the circadian clock.