A Tract on Monetary Reform

A Tract on Monetary Reform is a book by John Maynard Keynes, published in 1923.^[1] Keynes presented an argument in favour of a policy that would try to stabilize the domestic price level. He argued that the Bank of England had the policy tools available to provide a semblance of price stability through its stance on interest rates and its capacity to manage the reserves of the banking sector. Keynes believed that domestic price stability was accompanied by exchange rate flexibility. After years of experience, he did not favour floating exchange rates and proposed what is today called a crawling peg.^[2]

Background

The book was written during a period of significant monetary instability following World War I, when many countries were debating whether to return to the pre-war gold standard. Keynes wrote the tract as European economies struggled with inflation, deflation, and exchange rate volatility.^[3] The work built upon his earlier criticism of the Versailles Treaty and reflected growing skepticism of orthodox monetary policy.^[4]

Main arguments

Price stability vs. exchange rate stability

Keynes's central thesis in A Tract on Monetary Reform was that countries should prioritize domestic price stability over exchange rate stability.^[5] He argued that maintaining fixed exchange rates under the gold standard had too high a cost to domestic economic stability. Instead, he advocated for a managed monetary policy that would focus on maintaining stable domestic prices.^[6]

Monetary policy tools

Keynes contended that the Bank of England possessed adequate policy instruments to achieve price stability through:^[7]

Interest rate management: Using discount rates to influence credit conditions and economic activity^[8]
Banking sector reserves: Managing commercial bank reserves to control lending and the money supply^[9]
Active monetary policy: Moving away from automatic gold standard mechanisms toward discretionary policy-making^[10]

Exchange rate policy

Rather than supporting freely floating exchange rates, Keynes proposed what would later be recognized as a "crawling peg" system.^[11] Under this arrangement, exchange rates would adjust gradually rather than being allowed to fluctuate freely or remaining rigidly fixed. This represented a middle path between the extremes of fixed and floating exchange rate regimes.^[12]

Critique of the gold standard

The book contains a significant critique of the gold standard, which Keynes famously described as a "barbarous relic."^[13] He argued that the automatic adjustment mechanisms of the gold standard imposed unnecessary costs on domestic economies and that managed monetary systems could achieve better outcomes.^[14]

Content

A Tract on Monetary Reform is divided into chapters that develop Keynes's arguments:^[15]

Analysis of inflation and deflation distributive effects
Public Finance and changes in the value of money
Critique of theory of money and exchange
Proposals for reforming monetary policy
Discussion of coordinating monetary management internationally

Influence and reception

The book influenced monetary economics and policy circles, contributing to debates about exchange rate systems that would continue through the Bretton Woods era and beyond.^[16] Keynes's arguments for managed monetary policy and his critique of the gold standard helped prepare the eventual abandonment of gold-based monetary systems.^[17]

The work also demonstrated Keynes's evolving economic thought, showing his movement away from classical economic orthodoxy^[18] that would culminate in his later revolutionary economic theories.^[19]

Legacy

A Tract on Monetary Reform remains significant for several reasons. It:

provides insight into Keynesian economic theory development^[20]
offers a contemporary analysis of post-WWI monetary problems^[21]
anticipates later debates about optimal exchange rate regimes^[22]
demonstrates early applications of what would become known as Keynesian policy activism^[23]

The book's arguments about the trade-off between exchange rate stability and domestic price stability continue to influence modern discussions of monetary policy, particularly in the context of European monetary union^[24] and emerging market exchange rate policies.^[25]

Publication history

The book was first published by Macmillan and Co., Ltd. in 1923^[1] and has been reprinted.^[26]

References

^ ^a ^b Keynes, John Maynard (1923). A Tract on Monetary Reform (PDF). Macmillan and Co., Ltd. – via Internet Archive.
^ Moggridge, D. E. (1992). Maynard Keynes : an economist's biography. London: Routledge. p. 415. ISBN 0-415-12711-4.
^ Mouré, Kenneth (2002-05-02). The Gold Standard Illusion: France, the Bank of France, and the International Gold Standard, 1914-1939. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-155457-5.
^ Faucci, Riccardo (2014-04-03). A History of Italian Economic Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-70416-4.
^ Skidelsky, Robert (2010-10-07). Keynes: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959164-0.
^ Flanders, M. June (1989). International Monetary Economics, 1870-1960: Between the Classical and the New Classical. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36170-5.
^ Moggridge, Donald Edward (1992). Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-05141-5.
^ Fiorito, Luca; Scheall, Scott; Suprinyak, Carlos Eduardo (2020-10-30). Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology: Including a Symposium on Sir James Steuart: The Political Economy of Money and Trade. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83867-709-1.
^ Steele, G. R. (2018-01-19). The Economic Thought of Henry Calvert Simons: Crown Prince of the Chicago School. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06272-5.
^ Gabor, D. (2015-12-11). Central Banking and Financialization: A Romanian Account of how Eastern Europe became Subprime. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-29504-9.
^ Cord, Robert A. (2017-02-20). The Palgrave Companion to Cambridge Economics. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-41233-1.
^ Wattel; Wattel, Harold L. (2017-07-28). The Policy Consequences of John Maynard Keynes. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-49523-1.
^ Dostaler, The late Gilles (2007-01-01). Keynes and His Battles. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78100-837-9.
^ Boyce, Robert W. D. (1987). British Capitalism at the Crossroads, 1919-1932: A Study in Politics, Economics, and International Relations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32535-6.
^ The Journal of Political Economy. University of Chicago Press. 1924.
^ Congdon, Tim (1992). REFLECTIONS ON MONETARISM. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78897-070-9.
^ Solimano, Andrés (2024-05-07). Reading John Maynard Keynes: A Short Introduction. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-08523-3.
^ Harcourt, G. C. (2006-10-12). The Structure of Post-Keynesian Economics: The Core Contributions of the Pioneers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45776-7.
^ Sanyal, Amal (2017-07-06). Economics and Its Stories. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-58169-1.
^ Bibow, Jorg (2013-03-01). Keynes on Monetary Policy, Finance and Uncertainty: Liquidity Preference Theory and the Global Financial Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-26204-5.
^ Bibow, Jorg (2013-03-01). Keynes on Monetary Policy, Finance and Uncertainty: Liquidity Preference Theory and the Global Financial Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-26204-5.
^ Gray, H. Peter (1974-06-18). An Aggregate Theory of International Payments Adjustment. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-01768-3.
^ Sobel, Andrew C. (2012-08-28). International Political Economy in Context: Individual Choices, Global Effects. CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-4833-0178-5.
^ Kawalec, Stefan; Pytlarczyk, Ernest; ński, Kamil Kami (2019-12-05). The Economic Consequences of the Euro: The Safest Escape Plan. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-62418-6.
^ Gallagher, Kevin P. (2015-02-10). Ruling Capital: Emerging Markets and the Reregulation of Cross-Border Finance. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5461-5.
^ Clarke, Peter (2022-11-24). Keynes in Action: Truth and Expediency in Public Policy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-25504-2.

[:0-1] Keynes, John Maynard (1923). A Tract on Monetary Reform (PDF). Macmillan and Co., Ltd. – via Internet Archive.

[2] Moggridge, D. E. (1992). Maynard Keynes : an economist's biography. London: Routledge. p. 415. ISBN 0-415-12711-4.

[3] Mouré, Kenneth (2002-05-02). The Gold Standard Illusion: France, the Bank of France, and the International Gold Standard, 1914-1939. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-155457-5.

[4] Faucci, Riccardo (2014-04-03). A History of Italian Economic Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-70416-4.

[5] Skidelsky, Robert (2010-10-07). Keynes: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959164-0.

[6] Flanders, M. June (1989). International Monetary Economics, 1870-1960: Between the Classical and the New Classical. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36170-5.

[7] Moggridge, Donald Edward (1992). Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-05141-5.

[8] Fiorito, Luca; Scheall, Scott; Suprinyak, Carlos Eduardo (2020-10-30). Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology: Including a Symposium on Sir James Steuart: The Political Economy of Money and Trade. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83867-709-1.

[9] Steele, G. R. (2018-01-19). The Economic Thought of Henry Calvert Simons: Crown Prince of the Chicago School. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06272-5.

[10] Gabor, D. (2015-12-11). Central Banking and Financialization: A Romanian Account of how Eastern Europe became Subprime. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-29504-9.

[11] Cord, Robert A. (2017-02-20). The Palgrave Companion to Cambridge Economics. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-41233-1.

[12] Wattel; Wattel, Harold L. (2017-07-28). The Policy Consequences of John Maynard Keynes. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-49523-1.

[13] Dostaler, The late Gilles (2007-01-01). Keynes and His Battles. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78100-837-9.

[14] Boyce, Robert W. D. (1987). British Capitalism at the Crossroads, 1919-1932: A Study in Politics, Economics, and International Relations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32535-6.

[15] The Journal of Political Economy. University of Chicago Press. 1924.

[16] Congdon, Tim (1992). REFLECTIONS ON MONETARISM. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78897-070-9.

[17] Solimano, Andrés (2024-05-07). Reading John Maynard Keynes: A Short Introduction. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-08523-3.

[18] Harcourt, G. C. (2006-10-12). The Structure of Post-Keynesian Economics: The Core Contributions of the Pioneers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45776-7.

[19] Sanyal, Amal (2017-07-06). Economics and Its Stories. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-58169-1.

[20] Bibow, Jorg (2013-03-01). Keynes on Monetary Policy, Finance and Uncertainty: Liquidity Preference Theory and the Global Financial Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-26204-5.

[21] Bibow, Jorg (2013-03-01). Keynes on Monetary Policy, Finance and Uncertainty: Liquidity Preference Theory and the Global Financial Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-26204-5.

[22] Gray, H. Peter (1974-06-18). An Aggregate Theory of International Payments Adjustment. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-01768-3.

[23] Sobel, Andrew C. (2012-08-28). International Political Economy in Context: Individual Choices, Global Effects. CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-4833-0178-5.

[24] Kawalec, Stefan; Pytlarczyk, Ernest; ński, Kamil Kami (2019-12-05). The Economic Consequences of the Euro: The Safest Escape Plan. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-62418-6.

[25] Gallagher, Kevin P. (2015-02-10). Ruling Capital: Emerging Markets and the Reregulation of Cross-Border Finance. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5461-5.

[26] Clarke, Peter (2022-11-24). Keynes in Action: Truth and Expediency in Public Policy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-25504-2.

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v t e John Maynard Keynes
Books	The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) A Treatise on Probability (1921) A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923) A Treatise on Money (1930) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) How to Pay for the War (1940)
Family	John Neville Keynes (father) Florence Ada Keynes (mother) Geoffrey Keynes (brother) Lydia Lopokova (wife) Richard Keynes (nephew) Quentin Keynes (nephew) Milo Keynes (nephew) Stephen Keynes (nephew) Keynes family
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A Tract on Monetary Reform

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Critique of the gold standard

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