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Abdelaziz of Morocco
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Abdelaziz of Morocco
Moulay Abd al-Aziz bin Hassan (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن الحسن, romanized: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn al-Ḥasan; 24 February 1878 – 10 June 1943) was sultan of Morocco from 9 June 1894 to 21 August 1908, as a ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. He was proclaimed sultan at the age of sixteen after the death of his father Hassan I.
Moulay Abdelaziz tried to strengthen the central government by implementing a new tax on agriculture and livestock, a measure which was strongly opposed by sections of the society. This in turn led Abdelaziz to mortgage the customs revenues and to borrow heavily from the French, which was met with widespread revolt and a revolution that deposed him in 1908 in favor of his brother Abd al-Hafid.
Abdelaziz was born on 24 February 1878 or 18 February 1881 to Hassan I of Morocco and Lalla Ruqaya who was a Circassian concubine who became Hassan's favorite wife.
Shortly before his death in 1894 Hassan I designated Moulay Abdelaziz his heir, despite his young age. Previously, Hassan's other son Moulay Mahammad was the accepted successor of Hassan. However, he was dismissed because he was allegedly a poor commander and half-hearted Muslim. Abdelaziz was chosen over his brothers because he was Hassan's favourite son.
Abdelaziz's education was mostly focused on religious subjects rather than the practice of government affairs. His teachers included a pro-reform scholar from Marrakesh, al-Faqih Mufaddal al-Susi, who would later provide fatwas on the legality of Abdelaziz's proposed reforms. The aspect of his education that had the biggest effect on his rule was his isolation from the people preventing him from understanding what behaviours were appropriate for a sultan to display publicly.
In academic literature, Abdelaziz's reign is often referred to as the "prelude to Protectorate". Historians both before and after colonialism often write about this period as if the fall of the makhzen was inevitable due to the accumulation of forces preventing reform.
Abdelaziz's accession to the sultanate was ensured with little fighting because of his mother, Lalla Ruqaya, and Ba Ahmed, the chamberlain and grand vizier of Hassan I. Ba Ahmed became regent and for six years showed himself a capable ruler.
In 1895, tribes of southern Morocco rose up in rebellion. At the head of a mahalla with support from the large Mtougga tribe, Abdelaziz marched south and defeated the southern rebels, triumphantly entering Marrakesh in March 1896 with his regent Ahmed, capturing a large booty of horses and camels.
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Abdelaziz of Morocco
Moulay Abd al-Aziz bin Hassan (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن الحسن, romanized: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn al-Ḥasan; 24 February 1878 – 10 June 1943) was sultan of Morocco from 9 June 1894 to 21 August 1908, as a ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. He was proclaimed sultan at the age of sixteen after the death of his father Hassan I.
Moulay Abdelaziz tried to strengthen the central government by implementing a new tax on agriculture and livestock, a measure which was strongly opposed by sections of the society. This in turn led Abdelaziz to mortgage the customs revenues and to borrow heavily from the French, which was met with widespread revolt and a revolution that deposed him in 1908 in favor of his brother Abd al-Hafid.
Abdelaziz was born on 24 February 1878 or 18 February 1881 to Hassan I of Morocco and Lalla Ruqaya who was a Circassian concubine who became Hassan's favorite wife.
Shortly before his death in 1894 Hassan I designated Moulay Abdelaziz his heir, despite his young age. Previously, Hassan's other son Moulay Mahammad was the accepted successor of Hassan. However, he was dismissed because he was allegedly a poor commander and half-hearted Muslim. Abdelaziz was chosen over his brothers because he was Hassan's favourite son.
Abdelaziz's education was mostly focused on religious subjects rather than the practice of government affairs. His teachers included a pro-reform scholar from Marrakesh, al-Faqih Mufaddal al-Susi, who would later provide fatwas on the legality of Abdelaziz's proposed reforms. The aspect of his education that had the biggest effect on his rule was his isolation from the people preventing him from understanding what behaviours were appropriate for a sultan to display publicly.
In academic literature, Abdelaziz's reign is often referred to as the "prelude to Protectorate". Historians both before and after colonialism often write about this period as if the fall of the makhzen was inevitable due to the accumulation of forces preventing reform.
Abdelaziz's accession to the sultanate was ensured with little fighting because of his mother, Lalla Ruqaya, and Ba Ahmed, the chamberlain and grand vizier of Hassan I. Ba Ahmed became regent and for six years showed himself a capable ruler.
In 1895, tribes of southern Morocco rose up in rebellion. At the head of a mahalla with support from the large Mtougga tribe, Abdelaziz marched south and defeated the southern rebels, triumphantly entering Marrakesh in March 1896 with his regent Ahmed, capturing a large booty of horses and camels.
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