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Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is a committee within the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that provides advice and guidance on effective control of vaccine-preventable diseases in the U.S. civilian population. The ACIP develops written recommendations for routine administration of vaccines to the pediatric and adult populations, along with vaccination schedules regarding appropriate timing, dosage, and contraindications of vaccines. ACIP statements are official federal recommendations for using vaccines and immune globulins in the U.S. and are published by the CDC.
In June 2025, Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr. fired all 17 ACIP members and—with one exception—appointed members who are either anti-vaccine activists or who lack expertise in vaccines.
ACIP reports directly to the CDC director, although its management and support services are provided by the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.
The ACIP was established in March 1964 by the US Surgeon General to assist in preventing and controlling communicable diseases, it recommends licensed new vaccines to be incorporated into the routine immunization schedule, recommends vaccine formulations, and reviews older vaccines to consider revising its recommendations; it is a key committee responsible for shaping U.S. vaccination policy.
As of 2023, with the Inflation Reduction Act changes to Medicare Part D coverage of vaccines, the Affordable Care Act and Medicare insurance coverage of a vaccine ($0 cost sharing) are mandated when the CDC Director adopts the ACIP recommendation for the vaccines as published on the CDC website. Many private insurers follow Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services precedent.
Regularly scheduled ACIP meetings are held three times a year. Notices of each meeting, along with agenda items, are published in the Federal Register under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) requirements. A vote on vaccine recommendations may be taken when a quorum of at least eight eligible ACIP members is present. Eligible voters are those members who do not have a conflict of interest. If there are not eight eligible voting members present, the ACIP executive secretary can temporarily designate ex officio members as voting members, as provided in the committee charter. Meetings are advertised and open to the public and are now available online via webcast. The minutes of each meeting are available on the CDC website within 90 days of the conference.
In October 2010, ACIP adopted the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework. Their process includes a review of labeling and package inserts; a review of the scientific literature on the safety and efficacy; an assessment of cost-effectiveness; a review of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease; a review of the recommendations of other groups; and a consideration of the feasibility of vaccine use in existing programs. Each piece of evidence is judged as very low, low, moderate, or high quality. Problems such as lack of reliability and biases are taken into account, and the quality of the evidence is adjusted accordingly. Vaccines suitable for nearly all persons in an age- or risk-factor-based group are assigned Category A. Category B recommendations are made for individual clinical decision-making between the patient and physician. Both Category A and Category B vaccines must be covered by insurance companies (following the ACA).
At meetings, the ACIP may vote to include new vaccines in the VFC program or to modify existing vaccine schedules. These votes are codified as VFC resolutions. In most cases, a resolution takes effect after establishing a CDC contract for purchasing that vaccine in the necessary amounts.
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Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is a committee within the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that provides advice and guidance on effective control of vaccine-preventable diseases in the U.S. civilian population. The ACIP develops written recommendations for routine administration of vaccines to the pediatric and adult populations, along with vaccination schedules regarding appropriate timing, dosage, and contraindications of vaccines. ACIP statements are official federal recommendations for using vaccines and immune globulins in the U.S. and are published by the CDC.
In June 2025, Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr. fired all 17 ACIP members and—with one exception—appointed members who are either anti-vaccine activists or who lack expertise in vaccines.
ACIP reports directly to the CDC director, although its management and support services are provided by the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.
The ACIP was established in March 1964 by the US Surgeon General to assist in preventing and controlling communicable diseases, it recommends licensed new vaccines to be incorporated into the routine immunization schedule, recommends vaccine formulations, and reviews older vaccines to consider revising its recommendations; it is a key committee responsible for shaping U.S. vaccination policy.
As of 2023, with the Inflation Reduction Act changes to Medicare Part D coverage of vaccines, the Affordable Care Act and Medicare insurance coverage of a vaccine ($0 cost sharing) are mandated when the CDC Director adopts the ACIP recommendation for the vaccines as published on the CDC website. Many private insurers follow Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services precedent.
Regularly scheduled ACIP meetings are held three times a year. Notices of each meeting, along with agenda items, are published in the Federal Register under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) requirements. A vote on vaccine recommendations may be taken when a quorum of at least eight eligible ACIP members is present. Eligible voters are those members who do not have a conflict of interest. If there are not eight eligible voting members present, the ACIP executive secretary can temporarily designate ex officio members as voting members, as provided in the committee charter. Meetings are advertised and open to the public and are now available online via webcast. The minutes of each meeting are available on the CDC website within 90 days of the conference.
In October 2010, ACIP adopted the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework. Their process includes a review of labeling and package inserts; a review of the scientific literature on the safety and efficacy; an assessment of cost-effectiveness; a review of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease; a review of the recommendations of other groups; and a consideration of the feasibility of vaccine use in existing programs. Each piece of evidence is judged as very low, low, moderate, or high quality. Problems such as lack of reliability and biases are taken into account, and the quality of the evidence is adjusted accordingly. Vaccines suitable for nearly all persons in an age- or risk-factor-based group are assigned Category A. Category B recommendations are made for individual clinical decision-making between the patient and physician. Both Category A and Category B vaccines must be covered by insurance companies (following the ACA).
At meetings, the ACIP may vote to include new vaccines in the VFC program or to modify existing vaccine schedules. These votes are codified as VFC resolutions. In most cases, a resolution takes effect after establishing a CDC contract for purchasing that vaccine in the necessary amounts.