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The Arts Tower is a building at 12 Bolsover Street in Sheffield, England, belonging to the University of Sheffield and which opened in 1965. A spokesperson for English Heritage described it as "the most elegant university tower block in Britain of its period".[1] At 78 m (256 ft) tall, it is the second-tallest building in the city, after the 101 m (331 ft) St Paul's Tower on Arundel Gate, which was topped out in 2009.[2] Mitchell Construction a British civil engineering firm, built the Arts Tower.[3] Photographs from their topping out ceremony in October 1964 help to document a different era in UK working conditions.[4]

Key Information

Architecture

[edit]

Designed by architects Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners (GMW), construction of the tower started in 1961 and lasted four years.[5] Contrary to popular belief, there is no documentary evidence to suggest that the design was directly inspired by the similar, but much larger, Seagram Building in New York City, or for the theory linking it to the CIS Tower and New Century House in Manchester, England - although the similarity of aesthetics between the four buildings is undeniable. When asked about the possible inspiration of Mies van der Rohe's buildings in the United States, GMW project architect Robert Smith explained instead that the form of the building came from the surrounding context.[6]

Entry to the building was originally made by a wide 'bridge' between fountains over a shallow pool area in front of the building. This pool was eventually drained and covered over when it was found that strong down drafts of wind hitting the building on gusty days caused the fountain to soak people entering and exiting the building.[5]

Paternoster lift

Circulation is through two ordinary lifts and a paternoster lift which, at 38 cars, is the largest of the few surviving in the United Kingdom.[7]

A bridge at the mezzanine level links the tower to Western Bank Library.[5] This building was also designed by Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners—the two buildings are intended to be viewed together.[8] The Arts Tower and Library are Grade II* listed buildings.[9]

The buildings can be visited during office hours, although visitors may have to sign a register and show identification.[10]

Original accommodation

[edit]

The building was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother, in June 1966;[5] it has 20 storeys and a mezzanine level above ground. These housed the Departments of Landscape, Modern Languages, Philosophy, Biblical Studies, and Architecture, as well as the library administration, before the building's refurbishment. As its name suggests, the building originally housed all 18 of the university's arts departments, which had far fewer students in the 1960s.[5] Noticeboards for long rehoused departments such as History and Social Science survive in the basement foyer area. There are also two floors below ground level that house nine lecture theatres. The building contains a café in the basement.[11] It has a student computer room on the 10th floor,[12] and a self-service language teaching centre on the second.[13]

Refurbishment

[edit]

In December 2007, the university announced plans for a major refurbishment of the Arts Tower. The refurbishment saw a major re-organisation of the building's interior, as well as a new façade, and coincided with the move of the modern languages departments to the Jessop West building, on the former Jessop Hospital site. The building was vacated in April 2009, with refurbishment taking approximately two years to complete.[14] The work was finished in time for the beginning of the 2011–12 academic year; the building is still used for teaching, with the top nine floors allocated to the university's School of Architecture and Departments of Landscape.

References and notes

[edit]
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Arts Tower

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Arts Tower is a 22-storey Grade II*-listed modernist building located at 12 Bolsover Street on the campus in , , standing at 78 metres tall and serving as one of the UK's tallest academic structures. Designed by the architectural firm Gollins Melvin Ward & Partners in the , construction began in 1961 and was completed in 1965, with official opening in June 1966. Originally housing departments in , , and social sciences—including , modern languages, , and —the tower has long been an iconic campus landmark, visible for miles. Its design features a slender glass curtain wall that emphasizes verticality and light, reflecting the optimistic ethos of modernist , though it draws clear inspiration from Mies van der Rohe's in New York. A standout feature is its rare paternoster lift system, comprising 38 open carriages in a continuous loop across 19 floors (from lower ground to the 18th floor), recognized as the tallest such installation in and one of the largest in the world, allowing passengers to hop on and off at any level. In recent years, the building underwent a £36 million refurbishment led by HLM Architects, completed around 2011, which included energy-efficient glazing, fire safety upgrades, and internal remodelling while preserving its original aesthetic and operational flexibility. Today, it primarily accommodates the University of Sheffield's and Landscape on its upper floors, providing studio spaces, workshops, and panoramic views that support teaching, research, and design activities in a world top-100 institution; as of 2025, minor entrance improvements and a rooftop safety mast are ongoing.

History and Construction

Planning and Design

In the post-war period, the University of Sheffield undertook significant expansion to meet the demands of increasing student numbers and to develop its academic facilities, including a dedicated structure for its burgeoning arts faculties. Discussions for a new arts building began in 1951, reflecting the broader national trend of university growth amid economic recovery and higher education reforms. This initiative culminated in an open architectural competition launched in 1953, aimed at selecting designs for key campus developments to house the university's 18 arts departments, which were previously dispersed across inadequate spaces. The competition was won by the architectural firm Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners (GMW), established in 1947 and known for its modernist projects. Key figures in the firm, including co-founder James Melvin, led the design process starting in , emphasizing innovative solutions shaped by input from university leadership and academic stakeholders. The design drew from modernist and principles, inspired by structures like Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's , with a focus on verticality to create a prominent urban landmark while enabling clear functional separation of teaching, research, and administrative spaces across specialized floors. This approach allowed for efficient departmental organization, such as dedicated levels for history, philosophy, and languages, promoting interdisciplinary interaction without spatial overlap. The site was chosen on the Western Bank campus in the Netherthorpe area, atop a hillside that enhanced visibility and integration with the surrounding , requiring the of existing terraced . Plans incorporated with the concurrently designed Western Bank Library by the same architects, positioning the tower as a vertical to the library's low, horizontal form to form a cohesive ensemble visible from afar. The initial scheme specified a 22-storey structure rising to 78 meters, with the design receiving planning approval in 1960 ahead of construction commencement.

Construction and Opening

Construction of the Arts Tower commenced in 1961, carried out by the civil engineering firm Mitchell Construction using a frame structure clad with glass curtain walling. Key milestones included the excavation of foundations to solid rock approximately 30 feet below the surface in the early stages of construction, reflecting the challenges posed by Sheffield's hilly terrain. The building reached its topping-out ceremony in October 1964, marking the completion of the structural frame. Full construction concluded in 1965, four years after initiation. Engineering efforts during the build addressed wind load considerations critical for a high-rise in Sheffield's exposed, undulating landscape, alongside the integration of comprehensive services such as heating and ventilation systems to support the 22-storey tower's operational needs. The Arts Tower was officially opened on 23 June 1966 by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in a ceremony attended by university officials including Chancellor R. A. B. Butler. Upon completion in 1965, the 78-metre-tall building held the distinction of being the tallest in until 2010, when it was surpassed by St Paul's Tower, and the tallest in until 1973, overtaken by West Riding House in .

Architecture and Features

Overall Design

The Arts Tower embodies the international modernist style prevalent in mid-20th-century university architecture, designed by Gollins Melvin Ward & Partners with influences from Mies van der Rohe's , emphasizing clean lines, functional simplicity, and a sleek vertical form. The facade consists of a glass curtain wall system featuring exposed framing, frameless single-pane glazing for the vision areas, and translucent glazed panels below the windows, creating a lightweight and transparent appearance that contrasts with the raw concrete piers supporting the structure at ground level. This combination of materials reflects the era's shift toward industrialized building techniques while prioritizing visual lightness and integration with the surrounding urban landscape. Rising to a of 78 meters, the tower includes 20 floors above ground level, a , and two levels, encompassing a total of approximately 15,000 square meters across its 36-meter width and 20-meter depth. The structural system relies on a frame, with the central core accommodating vertical circulation and services to support the perimeter's extensive glazing. by Mitchell Construction between and , the building's uniform slab-like massing provides a sense of vertical dynamism, enhanced by its prominent positioning on Sheffield's Western Bank . Externally, the tower's base integrates with campus landscaping through raised concrete podiums and surrounding green spaces, while the entrance features a covered approach that facilitates pedestrian flow from the adjacent and pathways. Internally, the open-plan floor plates promote flexible spatial use, with low window seats along the perimeter encouraging informal interaction and unobstructed views, all supported by the central core to minimize obstructions and distribute services efficiently. For its time, the design incorporated early sustainability considerations through site orientation to maximize southern exposure for daylighting and passive solar gain, complemented by operable sash windows and venetian blinds for natural ventilation and glare control, reducing reliance on mechanical systems.

Paternoster Lift and Internal Systems

The Arts Tower features a distinctive paternoster lift system, installed in 1965 by Schindler as part of the building's original construction, consisting of a continuous loop with 38 open two-person cars that move without stopping. This installation, the largest paternoster ever built and the largest surviving example in the United Kingdom, serves up to 18 floors for safe passenger use within the 22-story structure, providing efficient vertical circulation for the high-traffic academic environment. The lift operates at a speed where the journey between floors takes approximately 13 seconds, allowing passengers to step on and off as the cars pass each level, a design choice that prioritized rapid throughput over conventional stopping mechanisms. Original safety features included emergency stop switches accessible at each floor to halt the system in case of incidents, reflecting the era's standards for such continuous-loop elevators despite their inherent risks. This configuration proved particularly suitable for the university setting, handling heavy student and staff movement with minimal wait times and contributing to the lift's enduring operational reliability since its inception. Complementing the lift, the Arts Tower's original internal systems incorporated centralized mechanical and electrical infrastructure housed in utility ducts within the core, which also supported compartmentalization for fire in the pre-sprinkler era. The HVAC system utilized ducted air distribution through these core risers to deliver heating and ventilation across the floors, while electrical distribution followed a similar vertical routing for efficient to offices and facilities. Fire safety relied on the building's structural compartmentalization via the core walls and external emergency exit stairs positioned outside the core for evacuation, aligning with high-rise standards that emphasized over active suppression. Maintenance of the paternoster has been infrequent, with rare downtime primarily for routine inspections, enabling near-continuous operation during term time from to Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Over decades, the lift has achieved cultural significance at the , often regarded as a for students who navigate its moving cars as part of campus life.

Original Use and Accommodation

Departments Housed

Upon its completion in 1965 and official opening in 1966, the Arts Tower was allocated to house the University of Sheffield's primary arts and humanities departments, including Modern Languages, , and related disciplines such as , , and Landscape. This allocation was part of a broader expansion at the university to address the rapid increase in humanities enrollment following , when UK higher education saw a significant surge in student numbers due to government initiatives supporting ex-service personnel and broader access. The building's space was organized with lecture theaters concentrated on the lower floors and basement levels to facilitate large classes, while upper levels were dedicated to offices and seminar rooms for more intimate academic work. Overall, it consolidated operations for 18 and departments in a single vertical structure across its 22 storeys. Key facilities included specialized language laboratories and seminar rooms tailored to the needs of Modern Languages and similar programs, alongside administrative offices for departmental management. The tower was also connected to the adjacent Western Bank Library via a mezzanine-level bridge constructed in the , allowing seamless access to resources for scholars.

Early Operations and Challenges

The Arts Tower began operations in the summer of 1965, ahead of its official opening by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother on 23 June 1966, marking the inaugural academic year of 1966-67 with high occupancy across its 18 housed arts departments, including the School of Architecture on the top two floors. Designed to support staff and students in a vertically stacked layout, the building received positive reception for enhancing spatial efficiency on the university's compact Western Bank campus, allowing for concentrated academic activity in a single landmark structure that stood as Sheffield's tallest until 2009. This vertical organization facilitated smoother departmental interactions and contributed to the tower's role as an immediate symbol of the university's expansion. Users quickly adapted to the building's unique features, particularly the —a continuous, doorless system with 38 two-person cabins spanning 19 floors—that required staff and students to step on and off moving platforms, often described as a thrilling yet skill-building experience akin to a . Seminar spaces benefited from the open-plan design's acoustics, which supported collaborative discussions, though navigation of the multi-level floors demanded familiarity with the lift's rhythm to avoid mishaps. Early operations also included hosting key university events, such as the high-profile 1966 , which underscored the tower's integration into campus life and solidified its status as a defining landmark. Despite its successes, the Arts Tower faced several operational challenges in its early years. The original glazing system suffered from poor thermal performance, leading to drafts and discomfort in Sheffield's variable weather, exacerbated by the fixed windows' lack of ventilation. Maintenance of the exposed facade proved demanding amid the city's frequent and , with initial causing minor surface degradation and requiring ongoing inspections to prevent reinforcement . Accessibility was notably limited pre-refurbishment, as the main entrance relied on steps without integrated ramps, and the was unsuitable for those with mobility impairments, restricting equitable use until later modifications. These issues highlighted the trade-offs of the modernist design but did not detract from the building's overall functionality as a bustling academic hub.

Refurbishment and Modernization

2007-2011 Refurbishment Project

In December 2007, the University of Sheffield announced plans for a comprehensive refurbishment of the Arts Tower, a Grade II*-listed structure requiring significant upgrades to extend its usability while preserving its architectural heritage. The project, led by HLM Architects in collaboration with stakeholders including English Heritage and the local planning authority, was initially budgeted at approximately £23 million but ultimately escalated to £36 million due to the scope's complexity and phased implementation. This overhaul addressed longstanding maintenance issues in the 1960s-era building, focusing on sustainability and functionality without altering its iconic modernist profile. The building was vacated in April 2009 to facilitate the works, which commenced in earnest that summer under contractor HBG Construction (later BAM Construct ). Key elements of the scope included the full replacement of the original cladding with energy-efficient double-glazed units and insulated panels, achieving improved U-values (e.g., 1.1 W/m²K for vision glass centers and 2.2 W/m²K average) to enhance thermal performance while maintaining the facade's aesthetic. was bolstered through the installation of a comprehensive sprinkler system across all floors, and the HVAC systems were modernized with integrated controls for better efficiency and occupant comfort. was upgraded to support contemporary academic needs, including enhanced networking and power distribution in reconfigured spaces that eliminated traditional corridors in favor of open, flexible layouts. These changes were executed in phases to minimize disruption, allowing partial occupancy during the process. A notable aspect of the refurbishment was the sensitive upgrade to the building's historic paternoster lift, the largest operational example in the UK, which was retained to preserve its cultural significance. Safety enhancements included redesigned handrails to prevent trapping, backlit LED traffic lights at landings for safer entry and exit timing, and replacement of the original motorized brake with an EN81-1 compliant unit, alongside improved car stability through better tracking mechanisms. Modern controls were integrated via a variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) drive system and a comprehensive diagnostic setup by ILE Controls, enabling remote monitoring from the porters' lodge without compromising the lift's continuous-loop operation. The project concluded in September 2011, in time for the 2011-12 , with returning to the revitalized space. Energy efficiency improvements, particularly from the new glazing and HVAC optimizations, reduced heating demand by 40%, contributing to lower operational costs and a diminished through decreased reliance on fossil fuel-based systems. Overall, the refurbishment extended the building's lifespan by an estimated 30 years, aligning it with modern standards while honoring its Brutalist roots.

Post-2011 Updates and Ongoing Works

Following its designation as a Grade II* listed building by on 30 March 1993, the Arts Tower has undergone post-2011 maintenance and enhancements with careful attention to preserving its architectural integrity and Brutalist features. This listing status has guided incremental updates, ensuring that any modifications respect the original 1960s design ethos while addressing contemporary needs, such as improved functionality and compliance with building regulations. In 2025, the completed entrance improvement works from June to October, focusing on enhancing and durability. These included refurbishing the terrazzo paving and steps, which had deteriorated over time, by replacing cracked sections with matching black stone; repositioning and replacing the ramp to align with current access standards; and relocating nearby disabled parking spaces to better serve users with mobility needs. Access to the main entrance doors was maintained throughout the phased project, minimizing disruption to building occupants. In early 2025, the university submitted a planning application for installing a 3-meter-high mast with a low-intensity red obstruction light on the rooftop to enhance and prevent potential helicopter collisions, in line with heritage protections. Broader efforts at the university have indirectly supported the Arts Tower through campus-wide initiatives, though building-specific projects post-2011 have remained modest to honor its heritage status. For instance, ongoing energy efficiency measures, such as LED lighting retrofits in various facilities, align with the university's goal of reducing Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 60% by 2025, but no targeted installations were documented for the tower itself after 2011. The Arts Tower's and listed protections have precluded solar adaptations to date. During the from 2020 to 2022, the Arts Tower saw temporary operational adjustments, including the closure of upper floors (9 to 19) in March 2020 following a confirmed case in , to facilitate cleaning and limit transmission risks. However, no permanent structural changes like touchless entry systems were implemented in the building, with adaptations focusing instead on usage protocols across the campus.

Current Status and Significance

Contemporary Use

Since its relocation in following refurbishment, the Arts Tower has served as the primary home for the University of Sheffield's and Landscape, which was formed in 2024 through the merger of the and the Department of Landscape. It accommodates undergraduate and postgraduate students, academic staff, and visiting practitioners in dedicated spaces for design education and research. The upper floors house light-filled design studios equipped with drawing boards, high-specification computer suites running industry-standard software, and communal kitchen areas to promote collaborative working. These studios offer panoramic views of , enhancing the creative environment for architectural and landscape projects. Key facilities include the Print and Make workshop on the lower levels, featuring digital fabrication tools such as 3D printers, laser cutters, CNC machines, and a materials shop for prototyping and model-making. The Media Unit provides digital design resources, including studios, creative pen displays, workstations, and equipment loans for production. Exhibition spaces within the building host events and annual degree shows, such as the 2025 "Repair and Resistance" , which ran from June 20 and showcased student work addressing urban repair and social themes both in the tower and online. The basement contains nine lecture theatres, each with capacities of 48 to 54 seats, supporting classes and seminars. The tower integrates with the adjacent Western Bank Library via a mezzanine-level bridge, allowing seamless access to resources. Post-2020 adaptations have incorporated hybrid learning setups in computer suites and studios, enabling blended in-person and online instruction with wireless networks and video conferencing tools. While primarily reserved for academic use, the building opens to the public for events like degree shows and lectures, with entrance improvements scheduled for completion in October 2025 to enhance step-free access and paving. Student commons on open studio floors serve as informal gathering areas, fostering interaction beyond formal teaching hours.

Cultural and Architectural Importance

The Arts Tower received Grade II* listed status from on 30 March 1993, recognizing its special architectural and historic interest as an exemplary example of post-war modernism. The building's innovative curtain walling, fully glazed facade, and use of Portland stone cladding exemplify the confident engineering and aesthetic of mid-20th-century university architecture, designed by Gollins, Melvin Ward and Partners between 1962 and 1965. has described it as "the most elegant university in Britain of its period," underscoring its status as a key landmark in Sheffield's skyline. As a , the Arts Tower embodies the optimism and ambition of Britain, reflecting a of rapid post-war expansion in higher education and urban development. It stood as Sheffield's tallest building for 45 years, from its completion in 1965 until 2010, symbolizing the city's modernist aspirations and serving as a focal point in local media coverage and student narratives. The structure has appeared in various films and broadcasts highlighting Sheffield's architectural heritage, reinforcing its role in popular imagination beyond academic use. The Arts Tower's architectural legacy extends to influencing subsequent UK university campus designs, particularly through its integration of verticality, light-filled interiors, and functional efficiency in an educational context. It is frequently studied in courses on Brutalism and post-war architecture for its Miesian influences and structural elements, which bridged international with British institutional needs. During the 2007-2011 refurbishment, preservation debates arose among architects, end-users, and decision-makers, centering on balancing historical integrity with modern demands, ultimately prioritizing adaptive conservation to retain its original ethos. In recent years, the building has gained further recognition through student-led initiatives; the University of Sheffield's 2025 architecture degree show, hosted within the Arts Tower, emphasized themes of repair, resistance, and , exploring the potential for modernist structures like it to address contemporary challenges in and .

References

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