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Attractant
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An attractant is any chemical that attracts an organism, e.g. i) synthetic lures; ii) aggregation and sex pheromones (intraspecific interactions); and iii) synomone (interspecific interactions)
Synomone
[edit]An interspecific semiochemical that is beneficial to both interacting organisms, the emitter and receiver, e.g. floral synomone of certain Bulbophyllum species (Orchidaceae) attracts fruit fly males (Tephritidae: Diptera) as pollinators. In this true mutualistic inter-relationship, both organisms gain benefits in their respective sexual reproduction - i.e. orchid flowers are pollinated and the Dacini fruit fly males are rewarded with a sex pheromone precursor or booster; and the floral synomones, also act as rewards to pollinators, are in the form of phenylpropanoids (e.g. methyl eugenol)[1] and phenylbutanoids (e.g. raspberry ketone[2] zingerone[3] and anisyl acetone/a combination of the three phenylbutanoids.[4]
References
[edit]- ^
a) Tan, K.H., R. Nishida and Y.C. Toong (2002) Bulbophyllum cheiri's floral synomone lures fruit flies to perform pollination. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28:1161-1172.
b) Nishida, R., K.H. Tan, S.L. Wee, A.K.W. Hee and Toong, Y. C. (2004) Phenylpropanoids in the fragrance of the fruit fly orchid, Bulbophyllum cheiri, and their relationship to the pollinator, Bactrocera papayae. Biochemical Systematics & Ecology. 32: 245-252.
c) Tan, K.H., L.T. Tan, and R. Nishida (2006) Floral phenylpropanoid cocktail and architecture of Bulbophyllum vinaceum orchid in attracting fruit flies for pollination. Journal of Chemical Ecology 32: 2429-2441. - ^
a) Tan, K.H. and R. Nishida (2005) Synomone or Kairomone? - Bulbophyllum apertum (Orchidaceae) flower releases raspberry ketone to attract Bactrocera fruit flies. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 31(3): 509-519.
b) Nakahira, M., H. Ono, S.L. Wee, K.H. Tan, and R. Nishida (2018) Floral synomone diversification of Bulbophyllum sibling species (Orchidaceae) in attracting fruit fly pollinators. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 81: 86-95. S2CID 91933950. S2CID 252403056. doi:10.1016/J.BSE.2018.10.002.
R. Raguso ORCID (2020) Don’t forget the flies: dipteran diversity and its consequences for floral ecology and evolution. Applied Entomology and Zoology. 55:1–7. doi:10.1007/s13355-020-00668-9. S2CID 210169152. - ^
a) Tan, K.H. and R. Nishida (2000) Mutual reproductive benefits between a wild orchid, Bulbophyllum patens, and Bactrocera fruit flies via a floral synomone. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26: 533-546.
b) Tan, K.H. and R. Nishida (2007) Zingerone in the floral synomone of Bulbophyllum baileyi (Orchidaceae) attracts Bactrocera fruit flies during pollination. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 35: 334-341. - ^
a) Katte, T., Tan, K.H., Su, Z.H., Ono, H. and Nishida, R. (2020) Floral fragrances in two closely related fruit fly orchids, Bulbophyllum hortorum and B. macranthoides (Orchidaceae): Assortments of phenylbutanoids to attract tephritid fruit fly species. Applied Entomology and Zoology 55 (1), 55-64.
b) Nishida, R., Howcroft, N.H., Tan, K.H., Su, Z.H. and Ono, H. (2022) Floral synomone components of fruit fly-attracting orchids, Bulbophyllum sinapis and B. hahlianum, in Papua New Guinea. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 105: (in press). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2022.104481