Backward design
Backward design
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Backward design

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Backward design

Backward design is a method of designing an educational curriculum by setting goals before choosing instructional methods and forms of assessment. It shifts curriculum planning, both on large and small scales, to focusing on identifying the desired learning outcomes and then creating learning activities to reach the learning goals. Backward design of curriculum typically involves three stages:

When considering these three stages it is also important to know what backward design is not. Davis et al (2021) shared these important points about backward design:

All these factors can omit important content and hinder the development of critical thinking skills.

Backward design challenges "traditional" methods of curriculum planning. In traditional curriculum planning, a list of content that will be taught is created and/or selected. In backward design, the educator starts with goals, creates or plans out assessments, and finally makes lesson plans. Supporters of backward design liken the process to using a "road map". In this case, the destination is chosen first and then the road map is used to plan the trip to the desired destination. In contrast, in traditional curriculum planning there is no formal destination identified before the journey begins.

The idea in backward design is to teach toward the "end point" or learning goals, which typically ensures that content taught remains focused and organized. This, in turn, aims at promoting better understanding of the content or processes to be learned for students. The educator is able to focus on addressing what the students need to learn, what data can be collected to show that the students have learned the desired outcomes (or learning standards) and how to ensure the students will learn. Incorporating backward design into a curriculum can help support students’ readiness to transition from theoretical content knowledge to practice. Although backward design is based on the same components of the ADDIE model, backward design is a condensed version of these components with far less flexibility.

Backward design is often used in conjunction with two other terms: curriculum design and instructional design.

Curriculum design is the act of designing or developing curricula for students. Curricula may differ from country to country and further still between provinces or states within a country. A curriculum is based on benchmark standards deemed important by the government. Typically, the time frame of attainment of these outcomes or standards is set by physical age.

Instructional design is the design of learning experiences and instructions for the acquisition of knowledge and skill by students. In addition, instructional design models or theories may be thought of as frameworks for developing courses, modules and lessons that increase and enhance learning and encourage engagement .

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