Bailey County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. It is in West Texas and its county seat is Muleshoe. As of the 2020 census, its population was 6,904.

In 1876, the Texas Legislature established Bailey County from portions of Bexar County, naming it for Peter James Bailey, a defender of the Alamo. (See List of Texas county name etymologies.) The county organized in 1919.

Bailey County history is highlighted in the Muleshoe Heritage Center located off U.S. Highways 70 and 84 in Muleshoe. The Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge was founded in 1935 and is the oldest such refuge in Texas.

Bailey County once was one of 30 prohibition or entirely dry counties in Texas, but is now a wet county.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 827 sq mi (2,140 km²), of which 0.7 sq mi (1.8 km²) (0.08%) is covered by water.

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 6,904. The median age was 33.6 years. 29.9% of residents were under the age of 18 and 14.5% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 106.5 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 104.0 males age 18 and over.

The racial makeup of the county was 48.5% White, 0.9% Black or African American, 1.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.2% Asian, <0.1% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 29.6% from some other race, and 19.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 65.8% of the population.

74.7% of residents lived in urban areas, while 25.3% lived in rural areas.