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Bernardino Verro

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Bernardino Verro

Bernardino Verro (Italian pronunciation: [bernarˈdiːno ˈvɛrro]; 3 July 1866 – 3 November 1915) was a Sicilian syndicalist and politician. He was involved in the Fasci Siciliani (Sicilian Leagues), a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration in 1891–1894, and became the first socialist mayor of Corleone in 1914. He was killed by the Mafia.

Verro, at the time a low-level municipal bureaucrat with only an unfinished education and outraged by the injustices he witnessed around him, was involved in the foundation of the Fascio dei lavoratori of Corleone on 8 September 1892. At the age of 26, Verro became its president. The local Fascio in Corleone was one of the first and best-organized groups on the island. "Our Fascio has about six thousand members," he told the journalist Adolfo Rossi, in an interview for La Tribuna from Rome in the autumn of 1893. "Our women have understood the advantages of union among the poor, and now teach their children socialism."

Verro was sacked for his political beliefs when he became the leader of the Fascio. Contemporaries described him "as a bear of a man, energetic and short-tempered with an absolute devotion to his cause." Travelling by mule, he spread the message also in nearby towns. He was a charismatic speaker who addressed the people in the local dialect, and his influence was not limited to Corleone. He was involved in setting up Fasci in neighbouring towns and mediated conflicts.

At the Congress of the Fasci in Palermo on May 21–22, 1893, Verro was elected a member of the new Central Committee. In July 1893, he hosted a conference at Corleone that drafted model agrarian contracts for labourers, sharecroppers and tenants and presented them to the landowners. When those refused to negotiate a strike against landowners and against state taxes broke out over a large part of western Sicily. The so-called Patti di Corleone, are considered by historians to be the first trade union collective contract in capitalist Italy.

In the summer of 1893, Corleone became the strategic centre of the peasant movement and the epicentre of the strike wave, thanks to Verro's charisma and to his hard-nosed choices, including a strategic alliance with a Mafia clan in Corleone and alliances with prominent Mafiosi in outlying towns, most notably Vito Cascioferro and Nunzio Giaimo in Bisacquino. The Mafiosi were sometimes needed to enforce flying pickets with credible threats of violence and to make the strike costly to landowners by destroying their property.

In order to give the strike teeth and to protect himself from harm, Verro became a member of a Mafia group in Corleone, the Fratuzzi (the Brothers). In a memoir written many years later, he described the initiation ritual he underwent in the spring of 1893: "[I] was invited to take part in a secret meeting of the Fratuzzi. I entered a mysterious room where there were many men armed with guns sitting around a table. In the center of the table there was a skull drawn on a piece of paper and a knife. In order to be admitted to the Fratuzzi, [I] had to undergo an initiation consisting of some trials of loyalty and the pricking of the lower lip with the tip of the knife: the blood from the wound soaked the skull."

However, during the great strike of the Fasci in September 1893, the Fratuzzi mobilized to boycott it, providing the necessary manpower to work on the lands that the peasants refused to cultivate. The Fratuzzi, headed by Giuseppe Battaglia, were mostly gabelloti – local power brokers that leased and managed the large estates from absentee landlords. After that, Verro broke away from the already uneasy alliance with the mafiosi, and – according to police reports – became their most bitter enemy. In a speech in 1902, Verro said that "as long as socialism has been preached, the lower forms of criminality have declined, and we hope that over time there will be a similar decline in the murders ordered by the alta Mafia".

Verro was arrested on 16 January 1894, after Prime Minister Francesco Crispi had ordered a crackdown on the Fasci. Together with other leaders of the Fasci Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Nicola Barbato he tried to board the steamship Bagnara that was about to leave for Tunis. On 30 May 1894, the leaders of the movement were convicted; Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida was sentenced to 18 years in jail and Garibaldi Bosco, Barbato and Verro to 12 years.

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