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Bruniales
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| Bruniales | |
|---|---|
| |
| Desfontainia spinosa | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Clade: | Campanulids |
| Order: | Bruniales Dumort.[1] |
| Families | |
Bruniales is an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of eudicots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification the order consists of two families:[2] Bruniaceae, which are shrubs native to South Africa, and Columelliaceae, which are trees and shrubs native to Central and South America.
Taxonomy
[edit]Bruniales was not recognized as an order until 2008 when a study suggested that Bruniaceae and Columelliaceae were sister clades.[3] In 2009, the APG III system placed both families as the only members of the order Bruniales, which is a sister order to the Apiales.[1] Before this, both families were placed in the Lamiales.[4]
The APG III phylogenetic tree for the asterids is:
References
[edit]- ^ a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
- ^ Winkworth, Richard C.; Lundberg, Johannes; Donoghue, Michael J. (2008). "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". Taxon. 57 (1): 53–65. Bibcode:2008Taxon..57...53W. doi:10.2307/25065948. JSTOR 25065948.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
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