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Butovo culture
The Butovo culture (Russian: Бутовская культура) was a post-glacial Mesolithic culture in the Upper Volga region of Russia in the catchment areas of the Volga and Oka rivers, 9600-6000 BC. The culture was formed by groups that developed from the Swiderian culture, which migrated to the region from the south as the climate warmed after the Ice Age. The Butovo culture is divided into the Early (9600-9100 BC), Middle (9100-7300 BC) and Late (7300-6000 BC) phases. It has also been suggested that the Butovo culture began in the Younger Dryas period before 10100 BC.
In the Upper Volga, groups of Ienevo and Resseta cultures also lived side by side with the Butovo population. Their relationship is as yet unclear, but they may have merged with the Butovo over time, since by the Neolithic period the region was influenced by a more coherent Upper Volga group.
Butovo culture sites are generally located on dry and sandy sites. Their finds are absent of organic material. Such sites include Butovo-1 (Бyтовo), Prislon-1 (Прислон) and Listvenka-3a (Лicтвeнкa). Some of the sites were former lake shores that were flooded or swamped, preserving all organic material. The most famous swamps are Dubna in the Moscow Oblast, Ivanovskoje and Berendeevo in the Yaroslavl Oblast, Sahtyš and Podozerskoje in the Ivanovo Oblast and Ozerki in the Tver Oblast.
The Ozerki swamp is located 20 km from Tver, near the Shosha River, which flows into the Volga. In the preboreal period, the area was still a lake system, with water levels rising and falling several times over thousands of years. As a result, people moved their place of residence numerous times. After the start of peat production, about 20 Mesolithic or Neolithic sites were found. These were excavated between 1990 and 1991.
Site Ozerki-14 is from the early Butovo cultural period and the pre-Boreal natural period. It had not yet been studied in 1994. Sites Ozerki-16, -17 and -9 are from the Middle Butovo cultural period. They have been the subject of a large number of wood, bone, horn and hide finds.
An area of 12 m² was investigated at site Ozerki-16, revealing, among other things, the remains of a pine-wooden slat, an oval-shaped arched bell, the lower part of a sharpened pile driven into the ground, an arrowhead with resin still in the reed, a net weight with a remaining binding needle and Shigir-type arrows. The worked wood strand was dated to 7 800 BC.
The site Ozerki-17 was surveyed on 41 m². Its oldest deposit contained much the same artifacts as Ozerki-16, including many points of sharpened stakes driven into the ground, many willow leaf-shaped silicon arrowheads, as well as older triangular (tanged point) points, one diagonal arrowhead and a fishing hook with a line. The oldest Mesolithic layer at the site was dated to 8 000 BC.
Three human bones were found in the layers of the habitation site, but they did not belong to the occupants of the site. Their radiocarbon dating takes the bones back to about 1500 years to 6 500 BC, when the Ozerki-17 site was covered by water. The nearest settlement of the age of the bones was found half a kilometer away. The bones were rich in iron, arsenic and zinc, which, together with a low fish consumption, suggests a high intake of mushrooms.
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Butovo culture
The Butovo culture (Russian: Бутовская культура) was a post-glacial Mesolithic culture in the Upper Volga region of Russia in the catchment areas of the Volga and Oka rivers, 9600-6000 BC. The culture was formed by groups that developed from the Swiderian culture, which migrated to the region from the south as the climate warmed after the Ice Age. The Butovo culture is divided into the Early (9600-9100 BC), Middle (9100-7300 BC) and Late (7300-6000 BC) phases. It has also been suggested that the Butovo culture began in the Younger Dryas period before 10100 BC.
In the Upper Volga, groups of Ienevo and Resseta cultures also lived side by side with the Butovo population. Their relationship is as yet unclear, but they may have merged with the Butovo over time, since by the Neolithic period the region was influenced by a more coherent Upper Volga group.
Butovo culture sites are generally located on dry and sandy sites. Their finds are absent of organic material. Such sites include Butovo-1 (Бyтовo), Prislon-1 (Прислон) and Listvenka-3a (Лicтвeнкa). Some of the sites were former lake shores that were flooded or swamped, preserving all organic material. The most famous swamps are Dubna in the Moscow Oblast, Ivanovskoje and Berendeevo in the Yaroslavl Oblast, Sahtyš and Podozerskoje in the Ivanovo Oblast and Ozerki in the Tver Oblast.
The Ozerki swamp is located 20 km from Tver, near the Shosha River, which flows into the Volga. In the preboreal period, the area was still a lake system, with water levels rising and falling several times over thousands of years. As a result, people moved their place of residence numerous times. After the start of peat production, about 20 Mesolithic or Neolithic sites were found. These were excavated between 1990 and 1991.
Site Ozerki-14 is from the early Butovo cultural period and the pre-Boreal natural period. It had not yet been studied in 1994. Sites Ozerki-16, -17 and -9 are from the Middle Butovo cultural period. They have been the subject of a large number of wood, bone, horn and hide finds.
An area of 12 m² was investigated at site Ozerki-16, revealing, among other things, the remains of a pine-wooden slat, an oval-shaped arched bell, the lower part of a sharpened pile driven into the ground, an arrowhead with resin still in the reed, a net weight with a remaining binding needle and Shigir-type arrows. The worked wood strand was dated to 7 800 BC.
The site Ozerki-17 was surveyed on 41 m². Its oldest deposit contained much the same artifacts as Ozerki-16, including many points of sharpened stakes driven into the ground, many willow leaf-shaped silicon arrowheads, as well as older triangular (tanged point) points, one diagonal arrowhead and a fishing hook with a line. The oldest Mesolithic layer at the site was dated to 8 000 BC.
Three human bones were found in the layers of the habitation site, but they did not belong to the occupants of the site. Their radiocarbon dating takes the bones back to about 1500 years to 6 500 BC, when the Ozerki-17 site was covered by water. The nearest settlement of the age of the bones was found half a kilometer away. The bones were rich in iron, arsenic and zinc, which, together with a low fish consumption, suggests a high intake of mushrooms.