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Canadian accounting profession unification

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Canadian accounting profession unification

Canada was the second nation in the world to formally organize its accounting profession, after the United Kingdom, but it occurred in a fragmented manner by both locality and specialty. It would only begin to experience significant consolidation from 2012 onwards.

After some controversy in the first part of the 20th Century, it has been generally agreed that regulation of the Canadian accounting profession falls within provincial jurisdiction over matters of a local and private nature, as well as under the provincial education power with respect to training for achieving such professional qualifications.

Demand for trained accountants arose as early as the 1840s, when the first Canadian professional accounting firms were organized in Toronto and Montreal.

The Association of Accountants in Montreal was organized as the first accounting organization in North America in 1879 (and only the fifth such organization in the world), and was incorporated by an Act of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. Ontario would follow several weeks later with the formation of the Institute of Accountants and Adjusters of Ontario, which was later incorporated as the Institute of Accountants of Ontario in 1882 under the direction of ERC Clarkson, one of the founding members of Clarkson Gordon & Co, and a key member in the growth of the accounting and insolvency an consulting industry in Canada. E.R.C. acted as a frequent advisor to the Canadian Senate in regard to the banking committee. It was reconstituted as the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario ("ICAO") in 1911.

As the AAM tended to have an anglophone membership, the Institute of Accountants and Auditors of the Province of Quebec was later incorporated to service growing demand within Quebec's francophone population. In 1919, the AAM began to offer admission for members of the IAAPQ.

Manitoba would be the third province to organize its chartered accountants, and it would later be instrumental in organizing similar professional bodies in British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Nova Scotia organized in 1900, followed by New Brunswick in 1916 and Prince Edward Island in 1921. The latter two bodies were organized in an irregular manner compared to those of other provinces, which resulted in their qualifications not being recognized by Nova Scotia until 1925, and by Quebec and Ontario until 1926.

Outside Canada, the Dominion of Newfoundland incorporated the Institute of Accountants in 1905, but was pressured to revoke statutory protection of its designation the following year. This was not reversed until Newfoundland joined Confederation in 1949.

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