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Carl Neumann
Carl Gottfried Neumann (also Karl; 7 May 1832 – 27 March 1925) was a German mathematical physicist and professor at several German universities. His work focused on applications of potential theory to physics and mathematics. He contributed to the mathematical formalization of electrodynamics and analytical mechanics. Neumann boundary conditions and the Neumann series are named after him.
Carl Gottfried Neumann was born in Königsberg, Prussia, as one of the four children of the mineralogist, physicist and mathematician Franz Ernst Neumann (1798–1895), who was professor of mineralogy and physics at the University of Königsberg. His mother Luise Florentine Hagen (born 1800) was the sister-in-law of mathematician Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. Carl Neumann is brother of Ernst Christian Neumann, a German physician.
Carl Neumann studied primary, secondary and university studies in Königsberg. He attended many physics and mathematics seminars organized by his father, including a famous seminar by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi of 1834. His doctoral thesis of 1856 was supervised by mathematician Friedrich Julius Richelot and focused on the application of the theory of hyperelliptic integrals to classical mechanics.
Two years later, he wrote his habilitation in the University Halle on the mathematical treatment of the Faraday effect, supervised by mathematician Eduard Heine. This work earned him the position of lecturer (Privatdozent) and in 1863 was appointed as extraordinary (ausserordentlicher) professor at the University of Halle. The same year he was promoted to full professorship at the University of Basel where he stayed for two years. He then was appointed professor at the University of Tübingen for three years, and in 1868 to the Leipzig University. The same year, together with Alfred Clebsch, Neumann founded the mathematical research journal Mathematische Annalen.
In Leipzig, he became acquainted with Jacobi's work on mechanics, which inspired his work. Wilhelm Eduard Weber described Neumann's professorship at Leipzig as for "higher mechanics, which essentially encompasses mathematical physics," and his lectures did so.
Neumann's wife died in 1876 and Neumann retired from the Leipzig University in 1911. He died in Leipzig in 1925.
Neuman's work on electrodynamics was focused on formalizing mathematically the theories of electrodynamics. However for a long time, Neumann's supported Weber electrodynamics over Maxwell's equations.
Neumann's research on electrodynamics started in the 1860s. He published three first majors works on electrodynamics in 1868 and 1873 and 1874. His work was stimulated by the work of his father and Wilhelm Eduard Weber. He rederived Ampère's force law and Ampère's circuital law from his own formalism. He also derived Weber law in terms of retarded potentials, avoiding problems with action at a distance.
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Carl Neumann
Carl Gottfried Neumann (also Karl; 7 May 1832 – 27 March 1925) was a German mathematical physicist and professor at several German universities. His work focused on applications of potential theory to physics and mathematics. He contributed to the mathematical formalization of electrodynamics and analytical mechanics. Neumann boundary conditions and the Neumann series are named after him.
Carl Gottfried Neumann was born in Königsberg, Prussia, as one of the four children of the mineralogist, physicist and mathematician Franz Ernst Neumann (1798–1895), who was professor of mineralogy and physics at the University of Königsberg. His mother Luise Florentine Hagen (born 1800) was the sister-in-law of mathematician Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. Carl Neumann is brother of Ernst Christian Neumann, a German physician.
Carl Neumann studied primary, secondary and university studies in Königsberg. He attended many physics and mathematics seminars organized by his father, including a famous seminar by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi of 1834. His doctoral thesis of 1856 was supervised by mathematician Friedrich Julius Richelot and focused on the application of the theory of hyperelliptic integrals to classical mechanics.
Two years later, he wrote his habilitation in the University Halle on the mathematical treatment of the Faraday effect, supervised by mathematician Eduard Heine. This work earned him the position of lecturer (Privatdozent) and in 1863 was appointed as extraordinary (ausserordentlicher) professor at the University of Halle. The same year he was promoted to full professorship at the University of Basel where he stayed for two years. He then was appointed professor at the University of Tübingen for three years, and in 1868 to the Leipzig University. The same year, together with Alfred Clebsch, Neumann founded the mathematical research journal Mathematische Annalen.
In Leipzig, he became acquainted with Jacobi's work on mechanics, which inspired his work. Wilhelm Eduard Weber described Neumann's professorship at Leipzig as for "higher mechanics, which essentially encompasses mathematical physics," and his lectures did so.
Neumann's wife died in 1876 and Neumann retired from the Leipzig University in 1911. He died in Leipzig in 1925.
Neuman's work on electrodynamics was focused on formalizing mathematically the theories of electrodynamics. However for a long time, Neumann's supported Weber electrodynamics over Maxwell's equations.
Neumann's research on electrodynamics started in the 1860s. He published three first majors works on electrodynamics in 1868 and 1873 and 1874. His work was stimulated by the work of his father and Wilhelm Eduard Weber. He rederived Ampère's force law and Ampère's circuital law from his own formalism. He also derived Weber law in terms of retarded potentials, avoiding problems with action at a distance.