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Carlo Zangarini
Carlo Zangarini
Carlo Zangarini
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Carlo Zangarini (before 1943) - Archivio storico Ricordi FOTO000766

Carlo Zangarini i (9 December 1873 – 19 July 1943) was an Italian librettist, poet, and academic. He lived his entire life in the city of Bologna, and is best remembered today for penning the libretti for the operas La fanciulla del West (1910) by composer Giacomo Puccini, I gioielli della Madonna (1911) by composer Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, and Conchita (1911) by Riccardo Zandonai.

Life and career

[edit]

Born in Bologna, Zangarini's father was Italian and his mother was an American. His mixed heritage made him an ideal choice to serve as Giacomo Puccini's librettist for his 1910 opera La fanciulla del West; a work which he co-authored with the poet Guelfo Civinini.[1] Set in the Western United States and adapted from David Belasco's 1905 play The Girl of the Golden West, the opera tells the story of a Californian mining camp during the 1849 Gold Rush.[2]

In addition to La fanciulla del West, Zangarini also wrote the libretti for the operas I gioielli della Madonna (1911) by composer Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari and Conchita (1911) by Riccardo Zandonai.[1] He also translated two French language operas into Italian for performances of those works in Italy: Luigi Cherubini's 1797 opera Médée,[3] and Claude Debussy's 1902 opera Pelléas et Mélisande.[1] The composer Ottorino Respighi set several of his Zangarini's poems to music, including "Scherzo", "Stornellatrice", and "Invito alla danza".[3]

Zangarini lived his entire life in the city of Bologna, and served as the chair of poetic and dramatic literature at the Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini (then known as the Liceo Musicale di Bologna) during the last seven years of his life (1934-1943).[3][1] He died in Bologna in 1943.[4]

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Carlo Zangarini

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''Carlo Zangarini'' is an Italian librettist, poet, and academic known for his contributions to early 20th-century opera, most notably as co-librettist with Guelfo Civinini of Giacomo Puccini's ''La fanciulla del West'' (1910). He also penned libretti for Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari's ''I gioielli della Madonna'' (1911) and Riccardo Zandonai's ''Conchita'' (1911), and provided Italian translations for Luigi Cherubini's ''Médée'' and Claude Debussy's ''Pelléas et Mélisande''. Born in Bologna on 9 December 1873, Zangarini spent his entire life in that city, where he established himself as a key figure in Italian operatic literature during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His work as a librettist included collaborations with composers such as Ruggero Leoncavallo and Emmerich Kálmán, reflecting his versatility across various operatic styles. For Puccini's American-themed ''La fanciulla del West'', Puccini initially entrusted Zangarini with adapting David Belasco's play, though later enlisted Civinini to refine the text. Zangarini's libretti often drew on dramatic and romantic themes, contributing to several important premieres in the years leading up to World War I. Beyond his operatic work, he pursued academic activities in Bologna, where his expertise in poetry and drama informed his lasting influence on Italian musical theater. He died in Bologna on 19 July 1943.

Early life

Birth and family background

Carlo Zangarini was born on 9 December 1874 in Bologna, Italy. He was the son of an Italian father and an American mother, a mixed heritage that shaped his early identity in the Emilian capital. Zangarini remained a lifelong resident of Bologna, where he was born and where his family roots were established within the local cultural milieu. His upbringing in the city reflected the blend of Italian and American influences from his parents, though he was fully integrated into Bolognese life from an early age.

Poetry

Published works

Carlo Zangarini was active as a poet before and alongside his work as a librettist, publishing verses in literary periodicals and possibly in small collections during the early 20th century. His poetry received notice in contemporary journals, including the magazine Poesia, where a review highlighted the intense vitality of his verses. Some of his poems were later adapted into art songs by prominent composers, notably four set by Ottorino Respighi: "Contrasto", "Invito alla danza", "Scherzo", and "Stornellatrice" (the latter co-authored with Alberto Donini). These examples reflect his lyrical style, which lent itself well to musical setting, though detailed records of his standalone poetic publications remain limited in accessible sources.

Musical settings of his poetry

Ottorino Respighi set several of Carlo Zangarini's poems to music as art songs for solo voice and piano in the early 20th century, representing a notable collaboration between Zangarini's lyrical output and Respighi's compositional style during his Bologna period. One well-documented example is "Invito alla danza," composed in 1906 and first published in 1907 by F. Bongiovanni in Bologna. This song, catalogued as P.67 (IOR 19), is written in B-flat major (with an alternative version in D-flat major) and bears a dedication to Guglielmo Parmeggiani. Other settings by Respighi include "Contrasto" (P.066), "Scherzo" (P.068), and "Stornellatrice" (P.069, co-authored with Alberto Donini), which similarly adapt Zangarini's verses into intimate vocal works, highlighting the poet's influence within the Italian song repertoire of the time. These pieces underscore the crossover between Zangarini's poetry and contemporary classical music, though detailed performance history or reception remains limited in available sources.

Opera librettos

La fanciulla del West

La fanciulla del West is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini for which Carlo Zangarini served as the initial librettist, adapting David Belasco's 1905 play The Girl of the Golden West into Italian. Puccini selected Zangarini for the project due to his background as a journalist and poet with an American mother from Colorado and a strong command of English, qualities deemed essential for translating the distinctly American subject matter. Zangarini's draft, however, proved challenging, as he struggled with the adaptation, leading Puccini to grow impatient with the results. To address the difficulties, Puccini's publisher Tito Ricordi brought in the Tuscan poet Guelfo Civinini to collaborate on the libretto and assist in completing the work. The final text thus bears co-credit to both Zangarini and Civinini, reflecting the shared effort to refine the initial version into a suitable operatic form. The libretto was finalized by August 1909, after which Puccini composed the score over the following year. La fanciulla del West premiered on December 10, 1910, at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, marking a significant milestone in Puccini's career and representing Zangarini's most prominent achievement as an opera librettist. The work stands as his best-known contribution in this field, highlighting his early involvement in one of Puccini's major operas despite the collaborative revisions required.

Other original librettos

Carlo Zangarini co-authored the libretto for I gioielli della Madonna, an opera in three acts with music by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari and Enrico Golisciani as his collaborator on the text.) Drawing from Neapolitan folk life, the work premiered on 23 December 1911 in Berlin in a German translation as Der Schmuck der Madonna.) He also collaborated with Maurice Vaucaire on the libretto for Conchita, an opera in four acts with music by Riccardo Zandonai.) The piece premiered on 14 October 1911 at the Teatro Dal Verme in Milan.) These two operas represent Zangarini's principal original librettos beyond his work on La fanciulla del West, both emerging in 1911 during a productive period for Italian verismo opera.))

Translations and adaptations

Carlo Zangarini contributed to the dissemination of foreign operas in Italy through his metrical translations and adaptations of librettos, particularly from French sources. These efforts often preserved the rhythmic structure of the original to suit the existing music while providing Italian texts suitable for performance. His most prominent translation was for Luigi Cherubini's Médée, originally an opéra-comique with a French libretto by François-Benoît Hoffmann that premiered in 1797. Zangarini completed the Italian version in 1909, which was specifically prepared for a revival production at La Scala that year and helped reintroduce the then-neglected work to Italian audiences. Another significant contribution was his rhythmic Italian translation of Claude Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande, adapted from Maurice Maeterlinck's play and originally premiered in French in 1902. Completed in 1908, Zangarini's version was published by Casa Musicale Sonzogno, with an edition from 1925 documenting its use in La Scala performances during the 1924-1925 season. Zangarini also produced rhythmic translations for lighter works, including Louis Ganne's operetta Hans il suonatore di flauto in 1907, based on the original French libretto by Maurice Vaucaire. His adaptations extended to other operettas, such as Emmerich Kálmán's La principessa della Czarda around 1915.

Academic career

Professorship at the Conservatory

In 1934, Carlo Zangarini was appointed to the chair of poetic and dramatic literature (Letteratura poetica e drammatica) at the Liceo Musicale di Bologna, the institution later renamed the Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini. He held this professorship in Bologna from 1934 to 1943. This role represented his primary academic engagement in his later years, focused on teaching poetic and dramatic literature at the conservatory in his lifelong home city of Bologna.

Death and legacy

Death

Carlo Zangarini died on 19 July 1943 in Bologna, Italy, at the age of 69. He spent his entire life in Bologna, the city of his birth and lifelong residence. No specific circumstances or cause of death are documented in major biographical sources.

Legacy

Carlo Zangarini is best remembered today for his work as a librettist, most notably for co-authoring the libretto of Giacomo Puccini's La fanciulla del West (1910) with Guelfo Civinini, an adaptation of David Belasco's play that marked a significant verismo opera in Puccini's output. He also gained recognition for his original libretti for Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari's I gioielli della Madonna (1911) and Riccardo Zandonai's Conchita (1911), which contributed to the Italian operatic scene of the early 20th century. In addition to his operatic contributions, Zangarini established himself as a poet whose verses were set to music by composers including Ottorino Respighi, and he held an academic position as professor of poetic and dramatic literature at the Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini in Bologna from 1934 until his death. Today, Zangarini remains a relatively niche figure in music and literary history, with scholarly and public attention largely confined to his collaborations on these key early 20th-century operas rather than a broader poetic or dramatic oeuvre. His lesser-known poetry and other writings receive limited coverage in modern sources, suggesting opportunities for further research into his full contributions beyond opera librettos.
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