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Carol Weiss King
Carol Weiss King (24 August 1895 – 22 January 1952) was a well-known immigration lawyer, renowned for her advocacy in defending the civil rights of immigrants, key founder of the International Juridical Association, and a founding member of the National Lawyers Guild in the United States. Her left-leaning career spanned from the Palmer Raids to the McCarthy Era.
Born on August 24, 1895, Carole Therese Weiss was the youngest child of Samuel William Weiss and Carrie Stix. Her father was a founder of the law firm of Frank and Weiss (1875–1880), then practiced alone (1880–1910). Her eldest brother, William S. Weiss, continued their father's firm until forced to stop by multiple sclerosis. Another older brother, Louis S. Weiss, also entered his father's firm, which developed into Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison.
In 1912, Weiss entered Barnard College as a member of the Class of 1916. Archives show many sides of her college life. In 1913, she appeared in a school play, partook in "Mysteries" (sorority rushing), and played basketball. In 1914, she was known as "man-hating" yet managed to appear "resplendent" for the Sophomore Dance. She also joined the managing board of the Barnard Bulletin, whereafter her name appeared as an associate editor. In 1914–15, she was active in the English Club. In 1915, she was involved in the Social Science League, which discussed theories of Scott Nearing and for which she was running as secretary-treasurer. For the Athletic Club, she served as pitcher in 1914.
In 1916, she was among many who had not paid her Athletic Association dues but was in good enough standing to appear listed as a member in the yearbook as well as a committee member for Greek Games. She graduated in 1916. In 1917, Weiss entered law school and in 1920 graduated with a J.D. degree from New York University; her brother Louis graduated with a BA in law from Columbia University, although he started law school a year earlier.
After graduating from law school in 1920 and being admitted to the bar, Weiss commenced her practice at the firm of Hale, Nelles, and Schorr. King became known for her dedication to defending civil rights, particularly in cases involving victims of antiradical hysteria. She gained recognition for her expertise in immigration law, contributing significantly to the field. Throughout her career, she emphasized research and legal brief writing.
By the end of 1916, Weiss was "doing volunteer work for the American Association for Labor Legislation." In 1917, she was a volunteer research assistant for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
By 1920, as Carol Weiss King, she volunteered to work with Local 25 of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). In 1921, she had opened her own law office. In 1923, her name appears in the Barnard Bulletin as "lawyer" without affiliation stated.
In 1924, the communist Daily Worker newspaper listed her as one of their most successful solicitors of subscriptions. That same year, she had formed a "loose partnership" with radical attorneys. These included Joseph R. Brodsky, Swinburne Hale, Walter Nelles, Isaac Shorr, and Walter Pollak. One of Carol Weiss King's first and most durable relationships was with Pollak, a onetime partner of Benjamin Cardozo, whom she met through her brother-in-law Carl Stern. King, Pollak and Stern worked on the Scottsboro Boys cases, which Pollak successfully argued in the U.S. Supreme Court, among other cases. (Another source cites her as head partner of "Shorr, Brodsky, and King in 1925.) King also associated with left-wing activists, including members of the Communist Party of the United States of America.
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Carol Weiss King
Carol Weiss King (24 August 1895 – 22 January 1952) was a well-known immigration lawyer, renowned for her advocacy in defending the civil rights of immigrants, key founder of the International Juridical Association, and a founding member of the National Lawyers Guild in the United States. Her left-leaning career spanned from the Palmer Raids to the McCarthy Era.
Born on August 24, 1895, Carole Therese Weiss was the youngest child of Samuel William Weiss and Carrie Stix. Her father was a founder of the law firm of Frank and Weiss (1875–1880), then practiced alone (1880–1910). Her eldest brother, William S. Weiss, continued their father's firm until forced to stop by multiple sclerosis. Another older brother, Louis S. Weiss, also entered his father's firm, which developed into Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison.
In 1912, Weiss entered Barnard College as a member of the Class of 1916. Archives show many sides of her college life. In 1913, she appeared in a school play, partook in "Mysteries" (sorority rushing), and played basketball. In 1914, she was known as "man-hating" yet managed to appear "resplendent" for the Sophomore Dance. She also joined the managing board of the Barnard Bulletin, whereafter her name appeared as an associate editor. In 1914–15, she was active in the English Club. In 1915, she was involved in the Social Science League, which discussed theories of Scott Nearing and for which she was running as secretary-treasurer. For the Athletic Club, she served as pitcher in 1914.
In 1916, she was among many who had not paid her Athletic Association dues but was in good enough standing to appear listed as a member in the yearbook as well as a committee member for Greek Games. She graduated in 1916. In 1917, Weiss entered law school and in 1920 graduated with a J.D. degree from New York University; her brother Louis graduated with a BA in law from Columbia University, although he started law school a year earlier.
After graduating from law school in 1920 and being admitted to the bar, Weiss commenced her practice at the firm of Hale, Nelles, and Schorr. King became known for her dedication to defending civil rights, particularly in cases involving victims of antiradical hysteria. She gained recognition for her expertise in immigration law, contributing significantly to the field. Throughout her career, she emphasized research and legal brief writing.
By the end of 1916, Weiss was "doing volunteer work for the American Association for Labor Legislation." In 1917, she was a volunteer research assistant for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
By 1920, as Carol Weiss King, she volunteered to work with Local 25 of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). In 1921, she had opened her own law office. In 1923, her name appears in the Barnard Bulletin as "lawyer" without affiliation stated.
In 1924, the communist Daily Worker newspaper listed her as one of their most successful solicitors of subscriptions. That same year, she had formed a "loose partnership" with radical attorneys. These included Joseph R. Brodsky, Swinburne Hale, Walter Nelles, Isaac Shorr, and Walter Pollak. One of Carol Weiss King's first and most durable relationships was with Pollak, a onetime partner of Benjamin Cardozo, whom she met through her brother-in-law Carl Stern. King, Pollak and Stern worked on the Scottsboro Boys cases, which Pollak successfully argued in the U.S. Supreme Court, among other cases. (Another source cites her as head partner of "Shorr, Brodsky, and King in 1925.) King also associated with left-wing activists, including members of the Communist Party of the United States of America.
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