A cast vote record (CVR) is an electronic record of a voter's selections in an election, created when ballots are scanned or votes are cast electronically. The term is used predominantly in the context of elections in the United States. CVRs serve as the digital representation of how voters voted and are used for tabulating election results, conducting audits, and verifying election outcomes. CVRs are anonymized, though some privacy concerns have been raised, especially in the context of small precincts.

CVRs differ from ballot images, which are digital pictures of actual ballots obtained from an optical scanner. While ballot images show everything on a ballot including stray marks and write-ins, CVRs represent only the machine's interpretation of those marks as votes. Unlike aggregated election results that show vote totals by precinct, CVRs provide ballot-level data that enables detailed analysis of voting patterns and audit capabilities. CVRs contain data showing how each anonymized ballot was marked, typically appearing as spreadsheets with zeros and ones indicating votes for each contest and candidate.

Cast vote records have existed in various forms since electronic voting systems were introduced. Los Angeles County began making CVRs available to the public in the 1980s when members of the public could rent magnetic tapes containing what are now called CVRs. The development of modern CVR standards began in earnest in the 2010s as part of efforts to improve election transparency and auditability. Most voting machines support the export of CVR data, including systems by Dominion, ES&S, and Hart.

In 2015, NIST established a public working group to develop common data format specifications for CVRs. This resulted in the publication of NIST Special Publication 1500-103 in November 2019, establishing the first formal standard for CVR data formats.

The availability of CVRs to the public varies significantly by jurisdiction, with some jurisdictions posting CVRs online, while others provide CVRs only through public records requests. Other jurisdictions do not disclose CVRs. For example, in March 2024, Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania decided that CVRs are not subject to public disclosure, given that Pennsylvania's Elections Code provides that election records are public "except the contents of ballot boxes and voting machines and records of assisted voters," with the Court determining that CVRs are the "electronic, modern-day equivalent" of ballot box contents.

Notable jurisdictions making CVRs publicly available include many Colorado counties, San Francisco (which publishes a CVR with each release of results, including preliminary results), Dane County, Wisconsin (as part of "Do It Yourself Audit" program), and many jurisdictions using ranked-choice voting, including Alaska, Maine, and New York City.

Following the 2020 United States presidential election, election offices experienced a surge in public records requests for CVRs, often from activists searching for evidence of fraud. This included coordinated campaigns encouraging supporters to file identical requests, which some election officials compared to denial-of-service attacks due to the volume overwhelming their offices.

Databases of CVR data have been compiled by academic researchers and electoral reform advocates.