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Chang'e
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2215987

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2215987

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Chang'e

Chang'e (/ˈɑːŋ.ə/ CHAHNG; Chinese: 嫦娥; pinyin: Cháng'é), originally known as Heng'e (姮娥; Héng'é), is the goddess of the Moon and wife of Hou Yi, the great archer. Renowned for her beauty, Chang'e is also known for ascending to the Moon with her pet Yu Tu, the Moon Rabbit and living in the Moon Palace (廣寒宮). She is one of the major goddesses in Chinese mythology, Chinese folk religion, Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. In modern times, Chang'e is the namesake of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program.

Chang'e first appeared in Guicang, a divination text written during the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC – 256 BC). From the few preserved fragments of the text, it mentions "Yi shoots the ten Suns", and "Chang'e ascending to the moon." Chang'e—originally named Heng'e (姮娥)—was renamed to avoid the taboo on sharing names with a deceased emperor, in this case, Liu Heng, an emperor from Han Dynasty. Many Chinese poems are written around the theme of Chang'e and the moon.

In pre-Qin Dynasty (before 221 BC), the text "Classic of Mountains and Seas" (山海經), mentions "a woman is bathing the moon; she is Chang Xi, the wife of Emperor Jun. She has given birth to twelve moons, and only then does she begin to bathe the moon" (有女子方浴月,帝俊妻常羲生月十二,此始浴之。). The name "Chang Xi" in this text refers to "Chang'e" since the pronunciation of "e ()" is identical to "xi ()" in ancient Chinese.

Late Tang Dynasty (618–907), famous poet, Li Shangyin, wrote the poem "Chang'e" based on the story of Chang'e stealing the immortal elixir. Like this goddess, the poet discovers a connection in the solitude of moonlight, sensing their shared loneliness while gazing at the night sky. Among the hundreds of poems around Chang'e and the Moon, she gradually evolved into a symbol of nostalgia and solitude for numerous poets beyond Li.

The original poem in Traditional Chinese:

嫦娥

雲母屏風燭影深,長河漸落曉星沉。

嫦娥應悔偷靈藥,碧海青天夜夜心。

The translation by Witter Bynner, in his book The Jade Mountain:

To the Moon Goddess

Now that a candle-shadow stands on the screen of carven marble

And the River of Heaven slants and the morning stars are low,

Are you sorry for having stolen the potion that has set you

Over purple seas and blue skies, to brood through the long nights?

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