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Chinese salvationist religions

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Chinese salvationist religions

Chinese salvationist religions or Chinese folk religious sects are a Chinese religious tradition characterised by a concern for salvation (moral fulfillment) of the person and the society. They are distinguished by egalitarianism, a founding charismatic person often informed by a divine revelation, a specific theology written in holy texts, a millenarian eschatology and a voluntary path of salvation, an embodied experience of the numinous through healing and self-cultivation, and an expansive orientation through evangelism and philanthropy.

Some scholars consider these religions a single phenomenon, and others consider them the fourth great Chinese religious category alongside the well-established Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Generally these religions focus on the worship of the universal God (Shangdi) and regard their holy patriarchs as embodiments of God.

"Chinese salvationist religions" (救度宗教; jiùdù zōngjiào) is a contemporary neologism coined as a sociological category and gives prominence to folk religious sects' central pursuit that is the salvation of the individual and the society, in other words the moral fulfillment of individuals in reconstructed communities of sense. Chinese scholars traditionally describe them as "folk religious sects" (民間宗教; mínjiān zōngjiào, 民間教門; mínjiān jiàomén or 民間教派; mínjiān jiàopài) or "folk beliefs" (民間信仰; mínjiān xìnyǎng).

They are distinct from the Chinese folk religion consisting in the worship of gods and ancestors, although in English language there is a terminological confusion between the two. The 20th-century expression for these salvationist religious movements has been "redemptive societies" (救世團體; jiùshì tuántǐ), coined by scholar Prasenjit Duara.

A collective name that has been in use possibly since the latter part of the Qing dynasty is huìdàomén (會道門; "churches, ways and gates"), as their names interchangeably use the terms huì (; "church, society, association, congregation"), dào (; "way"), or mén (; "gate[way], door") when referring to their corporate form.

Their congregations and points of worship are usually called táng (; "church, hall") or tán (; "altar"). Western scholars often treat them as a "Protestant" stream in Chinese religion.

The Vietnamese religions of Minh Đạo and Caodaism emerged from the same tradition of Chinese folk religious movements.

A category overlapping with that of the salvationist movements is that of the "secret societies" (秘密社會; mìmì shèhuì, or 秘密結社; mìmì jiéshè), religious communities of initiatory and secretive character, including rural militias and fraternal organisations which became very popular in the early republican period, and often labeled as "heretical doctrines" (宗教异端; zōngjiào yìduān).

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