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Chivateros
Chivateros is a prehistoric stone tool quarry and associated workshop located near the mouth of the Chillón river in the Ventanilla District, northwest of Lima, Peru.
Excavations were led in 1963 and 1966 by archaeologists Thomas C. Patterson and Edward P. Lanning, who noticed three cultural assemblages in the Chillón valley and uncovered large quantities of debris of lithic artifact production, initially interpreted as lithic instruments (hand axes, spearheads, scrapers, etc.).
In an area of coastal lomas (areas of fog-watered vegetation), excavations revealed a lithic flake industry as early as the Late Pleistocene, dating between 9,000 and 11,000 years ago. Wood fragments helped define a Chivateros I period of 9500-8000 BC. There is also a red zone with some flint chips which, by comparison of artifacts of the nearby Oquendo workshop, dates to pre-10,500 BC.
The whole industry is characterized by burins and bifaces with the upper-level (Chivateros II) containing long, keeled, leaf-shaped projectile points which resemble points from both Lauricocha II and El Jobo. Dating has been aided by the deposition of both loess and salt crust layers which suggest alternating periods of dryness and humidity and which can be synchronized with glacial activity in the Northern Hemisphere.
For a long time it was mistakenly regarded as the greatest lithic workshop in Peru, when in reality it is a large area of canteo, that is to say, a place or quarry where groups of hunter-gatherers, or paijanenses, obtained the raw material they used to make pedunculated points, known as Paijanense or Paiján points. The inhabitants of this area have been given the name "Chivateros".
Exploration of the site's vicinity, the area near the mouth of the Chillon River and the desert around Ancon, has revealed a large settlement complex of ancient hunter-gatherers near the quarries and associated workshops. Among them are Cerro Chivateros, Cerro Oquendo and La Pampilla.
The stratigraphic sequence:
Chivateros was dated by samples of non-carbonized wood associated with the final phase of Chivateros I. Subsequent surveys by French archaeologist Claude Chauchat in the 1970s found similar Chivateros sites in Cupisnique, which he was able to link with workshops producing stemmed Paijanense tips with a dating going back to the eighth millennium BC. It is possible that sites on the north coast, of the Chivateros type, date back to the tenth millennium BC.
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Chivateros
Chivateros is a prehistoric stone tool quarry and associated workshop located near the mouth of the Chillón river in the Ventanilla District, northwest of Lima, Peru.
Excavations were led in 1963 and 1966 by archaeologists Thomas C. Patterson and Edward P. Lanning, who noticed three cultural assemblages in the Chillón valley and uncovered large quantities of debris of lithic artifact production, initially interpreted as lithic instruments (hand axes, spearheads, scrapers, etc.).
In an area of coastal lomas (areas of fog-watered vegetation), excavations revealed a lithic flake industry as early as the Late Pleistocene, dating between 9,000 and 11,000 years ago. Wood fragments helped define a Chivateros I period of 9500-8000 BC. There is also a red zone with some flint chips which, by comparison of artifacts of the nearby Oquendo workshop, dates to pre-10,500 BC.
The whole industry is characterized by burins and bifaces with the upper-level (Chivateros II) containing long, keeled, leaf-shaped projectile points which resemble points from both Lauricocha II and El Jobo. Dating has been aided by the deposition of both loess and salt crust layers which suggest alternating periods of dryness and humidity and which can be synchronized with glacial activity in the Northern Hemisphere.
For a long time it was mistakenly regarded as the greatest lithic workshop in Peru, when in reality it is a large area of canteo, that is to say, a place or quarry where groups of hunter-gatherers, or paijanenses, obtained the raw material they used to make pedunculated points, known as Paijanense or Paiján points. The inhabitants of this area have been given the name "Chivateros".
Exploration of the site's vicinity, the area near the mouth of the Chillon River and the desert around Ancon, has revealed a large settlement complex of ancient hunter-gatherers near the quarries and associated workshops. Among them are Cerro Chivateros, Cerro Oquendo and La Pampilla.
The stratigraphic sequence:
Chivateros was dated by samples of non-carbonized wood associated with the final phase of Chivateros I. Subsequent surveys by French archaeologist Claude Chauchat in the 1970s found similar Chivateros sites in Cupisnique, which he was able to link with workshops producing stemmed Paijanense tips with a dating going back to the eighth millennium BC. It is possible that sites on the north coast, of the Chivateros type, date back to the tenth millennium BC.