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Citrus australis
Citrus australis, the dooja, round lime, Australian lime or Australian round lime, is a large shrub or small tree producing an edible fruit. It grows in forest margins in the Beenleigh area and northwards, in Queensland, Australia.
Citrus australis is a tree up to 20 m (66 ft) tall. Fruits are spherical or slightly pear-shaped, 25–50 mm (0.98–1.97 in) across, with a thick green or yellow skin and pale green pulp. The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that "The fruit, which is an inch and a-half in diameter and almost globular, yields an agreeable beverage from its acid juice."
A member of the Rutaceae family, Citrus australis is also known as the Australian round lime, Australia sweet, dooja, Gympie lime, native lime, native orange, or the round lime. It is one of the three main types of indigenous limes that can be found in Australia, along with the Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) and the Australian desert lime (Citrus glauca). The citruses can hybridize with other citrus species and develop other characteristics, such as drought resistance, salinity tolerance, and disease resistance.
In its native habitat, Citrus australis can grow to about 20 m (66 ft) high. The twigs have angled thorns, and the stems are angled with long internodes. The leaves tend to be elliptic in shape and pointed at the tips, just like the plants themselves. Each of the leaves is usually no bigger than 3 cm × 2 cm (1.18 in × 0.79 in) to 4 cm × 3 cm (1.6 in × 1.2 in) big. The buds bloom to show white or pinkish-white flowers. The fruit has a thick rind and has a yellowish-white pulp. There is about a 1 cm (0.39 in) long, slender spine in the fruit. Only a few seeds can be seen, and multiple thick vesicles, usually six segments of 7 mm (0.28 in), line the outside. The vesicles are usually very firm, are paler in shade, fusiform, and more often than not angular with blunt tips. Many of the Citrus australis found in nature may have twisted vesicles, caused by the pressure of the compression of juice vesicles inside of the fruit. In total, it make take about three years for the plant to bear fruit.
The Citrus australis can be distinguished from other species by its pear-like shape of being slightly narrower at the top and wider at the bottom, compared to the spherical shape that is more commonly seen in limes. It is also about 2 to 5 cm (0.79 to 1.97 in) wide in diameter, making it easier to distinguish against common limes which tend to be bigger in size. They also differ from other common citrus fruits by the amount of yellow oil that they possess, which can be seen from inside the vesicles of these fruits. Compared to other citruses such as the finger lime, Citrus australasica, or other Australian species of citrus, the vesicles differ in shape. Near the central axis of the Citrus australis, larger vesicles can be seen, which secretes the oil. In nature, citruses that have higher oil yields have larger leaves compared to those that have lower oil yields. For example, the Citrus australis was found to have an oil yield of 0.3-0.5%, and the Citrus glauca was found to have a yield of 0.6%. These both have a leaf size of about than 3 to 4 x 2 long. Conversely, the Citrus inodora has an oil yield of 0.1%, the Citrus garrawayi has an oil yield of 0.1-0.2%, and both have smaller leaves.
Many of the citruses can also be distinguished from each other by the compositions of their essential oils. For example, the Citrus australis is the only species that has large amounts of a-pinene. It also lacks limonene, which is most prevalent in the Citrus australasica and also contains only a small amount of germacrene D, germacrene B and bicyclogermacrene, which accounts for about 50% of the oil found in Citrus inodara. A further breakdown of the oils inside the leaves of the Citrus australis shows that it is composed of "a-pinene (68–80%), as well as P-pinene (2-4%), myrcene (3-5%), limonene (2-3%), p-phellandrene (1-2%), linalool(l-2%), bicyclogermacrene (1-4%), globulol (1-3%) and viridiflorol (3-5%)".
The Citrus australis can be found in southeast Queensland, especially from Brisbane northwards in the lowland sub-tropical rainforests. The lime's characteristics include growing slowly and needing protection, especially when the plant is still young. The thorns on the stems provide protection from wild animals. It is also preferable for the continued preservation of soil moisture to improve fertility of the species, and for health of the soil. This is also most required during dry seasons. Despite this, it is still considered to be a hardy plant, and will thrive during the winter, being moderately frost tolerant. The plant will be scattered most commonly by scavengers who eat the fruits and tear it apart.
The Citrus australis, contrary to its name, can also be found in the US, in California. While the Citrus australis can be take time to take root, it can be propagated similarly to other plants through leaf cuttings, usually by getting a clean stem cut after around the fourth node. The propagated plant can be slow to develop roots, and can also be budded onto Citrus rootstock. The lime can be propagated in order to bear more fruits.
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Citrus australis
Citrus australis, the dooja, round lime, Australian lime or Australian round lime, is a large shrub or small tree producing an edible fruit. It grows in forest margins in the Beenleigh area and northwards, in Queensland, Australia.
Citrus australis is a tree up to 20 m (66 ft) tall. Fruits are spherical or slightly pear-shaped, 25–50 mm (0.98–1.97 in) across, with a thick green or yellow skin and pale green pulp. The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that "The fruit, which is an inch and a-half in diameter and almost globular, yields an agreeable beverage from its acid juice."
A member of the Rutaceae family, Citrus australis is also known as the Australian round lime, Australia sweet, dooja, Gympie lime, native lime, native orange, or the round lime. It is one of the three main types of indigenous limes that can be found in Australia, along with the Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) and the Australian desert lime (Citrus glauca). The citruses can hybridize with other citrus species and develop other characteristics, such as drought resistance, salinity tolerance, and disease resistance.
In its native habitat, Citrus australis can grow to about 20 m (66 ft) high. The twigs have angled thorns, and the stems are angled with long internodes. The leaves tend to be elliptic in shape and pointed at the tips, just like the plants themselves. Each of the leaves is usually no bigger than 3 cm × 2 cm (1.18 in × 0.79 in) to 4 cm × 3 cm (1.6 in × 1.2 in) big. The buds bloom to show white or pinkish-white flowers. The fruit has a thick rind and has a yellowish-white pulp. There is about a 1 cm (0.39 in) long, slender spine in the fruit. Only a few seeds can be seen, and multiple thick vesicles, usually six segments of 7 mm (0.28 in), line the outside. The vesicles are usually very firm, are paler in shade, fusiform, and more often than not angular with blunt tips. Many of the Citrus australis found in nature may have twisted vesicles, caused by the pressure of the compression of juice vesicles inside of the fruit. In total, it make take about three years for the plant to bear fruit.
The Citrus australis can be distinguished from other species by its pear-like shape of being slightly narrower at the top and wider at the bottom, compared to the spherical shape that is more commonly seen in limes. It is also about 2 to 5 cm (0.79 to 1.97 in) wide in diameter, making it easier to distinguish against common limes which tend to be bigger in size. They also differ from other common citrus fruits by the amount of yellow oil that they possess, which can be seen from inside the vesicles of these fruits. Compared to other citruses such as the finger lime, Citrus australasica, or other Australian species of citrus, the vesicles differ in shape. Near the central axis of the Citrus australis, larger vesicles can be seen, which secretes the oil. In nature, citruses that have higher oil yields have larger leaves compared to those that have lower oil yields. For example, the Citrus australis was found to have an oil yield of 0.3-0.5%, and the Citrus glauca was found to have a yield of 0.6%. These both have a leaf size of about than 3 to 4 x 2 long. Conversely, the Citrus inodora has an oil yield of 0.1%, the Citrus garrawayi has an oil yield of 0.1-0.2%, and both have smaller leaves.
Many of the citruses can also be distinguished from each other by the compositions of their essential oils. For example, the Citrus australis is the only species that has large amounts of a-pinene. It also lacks limonene, which is most prevalent in the Citrus australasica and also contains only a small amount of germacrene D, germacrene B and bicyclogermacrene, which accounts for about 50% of the oil found in Citrus inodara. A further breakdown of the oils inside the leaves of the Citrus australis shows that it is composed of "a-pinene (68–80%), as well as P-pinene (2-4%), myrcene (3-5%), limonene (2-3%), p-phellandrene (1-2%), linalool(l-2%), bicyclogermacrene (1-4%), globulol (1-3%) and viridiflorol (3-5%)".
The Citrus australis can be found in southeast Queensland, especially from Brisbane northwards in the lowland sub-tropical rainforests. The lime's characteristics include growing slowly and needing protection, especially when the plant is still young. The thorns on the stems provide protection from wild animals. It is also preferable for the continued preservation of soil moisture to improve fertility of the species, and for health of the soil. This is also most required during dry seasons. Despite this, it is still considered to be a hardy plant, and will thrive during the winter, being moderately frost tolerant. The plant will be scattered most commonly by scavengers who eat the fruits and tear it apart.
The Citrus australis, contrary to its name, can also be found in the US, in California. While the Citrus australis can be take time to take root, it can be propagated similarly to other plants through leaf cuttings, usually by getting a clean stem cut after around the fourth node. The propagated plant can be slow to develop roots, and can also be budded onto Citrus rootstock. The lime can be propagated in order to bear more fruits.
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