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Cool flame
A cool flame is a flame having a typical temperature of about 400 °C (752 °F). In contrast to an ordinary hot flame, the reaction is not vigorous and releases little heat, light, or carbon dioxide. Cool flames are difficult to observe and are uncommon in everyday life, but they are responsible for engine knock – the undesirable, erratic, and noisy combustion of low-octane fuels in internal combustion engines.
Cool flames were accidentally discovered in the 1810s by Sir Humphry Davy, who inserted a hot platinum wire into a mixture of air and diethyl ether vapor. "When the experiment on the slow combustion of ether is made in the dark, a pale phosphorescent light is perceived above the wire, which of course is most distinct when the wire ceases to be ignited. This appearance is connected with the formation of a peculiar acrid volatile substance possessed of acid properties." After noticing that certain types of flame did not burn his fingers or ignite a match, he also found that those unusual flames could change into hot flames and that at certain compositions and temperatures, they did not require an external ignition source, such as a spark or hot material.
Harry Julius Emeléus was the first to record their emission spectra, and in 1929 he coined the term "cold flame".
Cool flames can occur in hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, oils, acids, waxes, and even methane. The lowest temperature of a cool flame is poorly defined and is conventionally set as a temperature at which the flame can be detected by eye in a dark room (cool flames are hardly visible in daylight). This temperature slightly depends on the fuel to oxygen ratio and strongly depends on gas pressure – there is a threshold below which cool flame is not formed. A specific example is 50% n-butane–50% oxygen (by volume) which has a cool flame temperature (CFT) of about 300 °C (572 °F) at 165 mmHg (22.0 kPa). One of the lowest CFTs (156 °C (313 °F)) was reported for a C2H5OC2H5 + O2 + N2 mixture at 300 mmHg (40 kPa). The CFT is significantly lower than the auto-ignition temperature (AIT) of conventional flame (see table).
The spectra of cool flames consist of several bands and are dominated by the blue and violet ones – thus the flame usually appears pale blue. The blue component originates from the excited state of formaldehyde (CH2O*) which is formed via chemical reactions in the flame:
A cool flame does not start instantaneously after the threshold pressure and temperature are applied, but has an induction time. The induction time shortens and the glow intensity increases with increasing pressure. With increasing temperature, the intensity may decrease because of the disappearance of peroxy radicals required for the above glow reactions.
Self-sustained, stable cool diffusion flames have been established by adding ozone into oxidizer stream.
Whereas in a hot flame molecules break down to small fragments and combine with oxygen producing carbon dioxide (i.e., burn), in a cool flame, the fragments are relatively large and easily recombine with each other. Therefore, much less heat, light and carbon dioxide is released; the premixed combustion process is oscillatory and can sustain for a long time. A typical temperature increase upon ignition of a cool flame is a few tens of degrees Celsius whereas it is on the order of 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) for a hot flame.
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Cool flame
A cool flame is a flame having a typical temperature of about 400 °C (752 °F). In contrast to an ordinary hot flame, the reaction is not vigorous and releases little heat, light, or carbon dioxide. Cool flames are difficult to observe and are uncommon in everyday life, but they are responsible for engine knock – the undesirable, erratic, and noisy combustion of low-octane fuels in internal combustion engines.
Cool flames were accidentally discovered in the 1810s by Sir Humphry Davy, who inserted a hot platinum wire into a mixture of air and diethyl ether vapor. "When the experiment on the slow combustion of ether is made in the dark, a pale phosphorescent light is perceived above the wire, which of course is most distinct when the wire ceases to be ignited. This appearance is connected with the formation of a peculiar acrid volatile substance possessed of acid properties." After noticing that certain types of flame did not burn his fingers or ignite a match, he also found that those unusual flames could change into hot flames and that at certain compositions and temperatures, they did not require an external ignition source, such as a spark or hot material.
Harry Julius Emeléus was the first to record their emission spectra, and in 1929 he coined the term "cold flame".
Cool flames can occur in hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, oils, acids, waxes, and even methane. The lowest temperature of a cool flame is poorly defined and is conventionally set as a temperature at which the flame can be detected by eye in a dark room (cool flames are hardly visible in daylight). This temperature slightly depends on the fuel to oxygen ratio and strongly depends on gas pressure – there is a threshold below which cool flame is not formed. A specific example is 50% n-butane–50% oxygen (by volume) which has a cool flame temperature (CFT) of about 300 °C (572 °F) at 165 mmHg (22.0 kPa). One of the lowest CFTs (156 °C (313 °F)) was reported for a C2H5OC2H5 + O2 + N2 mixture at 300 mmHg (40 kPa). The CFT is significantly lower than the auto-ignition temperature (AIT) of conventional flame (see table).
The spectra of cool flames consist of several bands and are dominated by the blue and violet ones – thus the flame usually appears pale blue. The blue component originates from the excited state of formaldehyde (CH2O*) which is formed via chemical reactions in the flame:
A cool flame does not start instantaneously after the threshold pressure and temperature are applied, but has an induction time. The induction time shortens and the glow intensity increases with increasing pressure. With increasing temperature, the intensity may decrease because of the disappearance of peroxy radicals required for the above glow reactions.
Self-sustained, stable cool diffusion flames have been established by adding ozone into oxidizer stream.
Whereas in a hot flame molecules break down to small fragments and combine with oxygen producing carbon dioxide (i.e., burn), in a cool flame, the fragments are relatively large and easily recombine with each other. Therefore, much less heat, light and carbon dioxide is released; the premixed combustion process is oscillatory and can sustain for a long time. A typical temperature increase upon ignition of a cool flame is a few tens of degrees Celsius whereas it is on the order of 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) for a hot flame.