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The Complete Peerage
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The Complete Peerage
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The Complete Peerage (full title: The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom Extant, Extinct, or Dormant); first edition by George Edward Cokayne, Clarenceux King of Arms; 2nd edition revised by Vicary Gibbs et al.; 3rd edition in progress) is a comprehensive work on the titled aristocracy of the British Isles.

Key Information

History

[edit]

The Complete Peerage was first published in eight volumes between 1887 and 1898 by George Edward Cokayne (G. E. C.).

This version was effectively replaced by a new and enlarged edition between 1910 and 1959, edited successively by Vicary Gibbs (Cokayne's nephew), H. A. (Herbert Arthur[1]) Doubleday, Duncan Warrand, Lord Howard de Walden, Geoffrey H. White and R. S. Lea. The revised edition, published by the St Catherine Press Limited, was in twelve volumes, with volume twelve issued in two parts.[2]

Volume thirteen was issued in 1940, not as part of the alphabetical sequence, but as a supplement covering creations and promotions within the peerage between 1900 and 1938. The leading researcher on the project was Ethel Stokes and the five volumes from 1929 to 1949 acknowledge her major contribution.[3]

The work has been reprinted in a number of formats, most notably by Alan Sutton Publishers who reduced it in size to six volumes in a photographically reduced format. This contains four page images on each smaller page.

It was available on CD. A further reprint in six volumes appeared in 2000, together with Volume 14, which is an appendix, correcting the original publication (1910–1938) and briefly updating it to 1995.

A fully revised and modernised third edition in 18 volumes is due to be published by Alan Sutton Publishing between 2025 and 2027, with an online edition to become available on a subscription basis in 2027.[4]

Volumes

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1st edition

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Volume Pub
date[5]		 Additional material
I. A to Bo 1887 Page ix - Irish Peerage, &c. before the Sixteenth Century
II. Bra to C 1889
III. D to F 1890
IV. G to K 1892 Page i - Papal dispensations referring to Scotland
V. L to M 1893
VI. N to R 1895
VII. S to T 1896
VIII. U to Z, appendix, corrigenda, occurrences after 1 January 1898, and general index to notes, &c. 1898

All volumes edited by George Cokayne.

2nd edition

[edit]
Volume Pub
date		 Editors[6] Additional material
I. Ab-Adam to Basing 1910 Hon. Vicary Gibbs Appendix A - page 457 - Some observations on early Irish Baronies
Appendix B - page 465 - The dukedom of Châtellerault
Appendix C - page 469 - Precedency of peers in Parliament by Royal prerogative
Appendix D - page 472 - Precedency anomalously allowed
Appendix E - page 475 - Scottish peerages forfeited after the Risings of 1715 and 1745, and subsequent restorations
Appendix F - page 480 - Jacobite Peerages
Appendix G - page 490 - Eldest sons of peers summoned to Parliament v.p. in one of their father's peerages
Appendix H - page 496 - Amusements of men of fashion in 1782
Appendix I - page 499 - Politics of Peers
Appendix J - page 503 - Grant of the Comté of Aumale to Richard, Earl of Warwick
II. Bass to Canning 1912 Hon. Vicary Gibbs Appendix A - page 525 - The Loyalists Bloody Roll
Appendix B - page 527 - The Order Of The Garter
Appendix C - page 597 - The Battle Of Boroughbridge
Appendix D - page 603 - The Great Offices Of State
Appendix E - page 649 - Officers Of The College Of Arms
Appendix F - page 651 - Coronation Peerages
Appendix G - page 656 - Lord Lieutenants Dismissed By James II
Appendix H - page 658 - Principal Persons In Arms For The Prince Of Orange
III. Canonteign to Cutts 1913 Hon. Vicary Gibbs with the assistance of H. A. Doubleday[7] Appendix A - page 589 - Surrender of peerages in England
Appendix B - page 592 - A list of peers and heirs apparent of peers who served in the South African War of 1899–1902
Appendix C - page 597 - Some observations on medieval names
Appendix D - page 631 - Peers present in and absent from James II's Irish parliament of 7 May 1689
Appendix E - page 635 - Peerage titles chosen to commemorate foreign achievements
Appendix F - page 637 - Special remainders granted to commoners
Appendix G - page 639 - Peers and peeresses converted to the Roman Catholic faith since 1850
Appendix H - page 642 - Profuse creations and promotions in the Irish peerage
Appendix I - page 648 - Peers who voted against the third reading of the Reform Bill
IV. Dacre to Dysart 1916 Hon. Vicary Gibbs with the assistance of H. A. Doubleday[7] Appendix A - page 571 - Peers (present or future) included in "Fox's Martyrs" at the election of 1784
Appendix B - page 573 - Peers who were commanders or captains in the Commonwealth armies
Appendix C - page 575 - The greatest estates in Ireland in 1799
Appendix D - page 576 - Earldoms created by Stephen and the Empress Maud
Appendix E - page 580 - Courtesy titles
Appendix F - page 583 - Peers who have been Presidents of the Union Societies at Oxford and Cambridge
Appendix G - page 585 - The Protectorate House of Lords, commonly known as Cromwell's "Other House," 1657–1659
Appendix H - page 651 - Earldoms and baronies in history and in law, and the doctrine of abeyance
Appendix I - page 761 - Peverel of Nottingham
Appendix J - page 772 - The entail of the Desmond lands in 1342/3
V. Eardley of Spalding to Goojerat 1921/6 Hon. Vicary Gibbs with the assistance of H. A. Doubleday[7] Appendix A - page 753 - Persons who are said to have been summoned to Parliament in right of their wives
Appendix B - page 776 - Consolation peerages conferred on members and candidates defeated at the polls 1833–1900
Appendix C - page 780 - Peers who were directors of companies in 1896 and 1920
Appendix D - page 784 - The Battle of Flodden
Appendix E - page 785 - Peerages created by Charles II while in exile
Appendix F - page 787 - Peerage titles assumed by peers
Appendix G - page 792 - Titles conferred on children or male issue of the sovereigns of England
Appendix H - page 798 - The title of Marquess
Appendix I - page 800 - A note on the Fitzwarin peerage case
Appendix J - page 802 - The petition of Reynold West, Lord la Warre
VI. Gordon to Hurstpierpoint 1926 H. A. Doubleday,[7] Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden Appendix A - page 689 - The use of the particle "de" in titles
Appendix B - page 694 - The Field of Cloth of Gold
Appendix C - page 697 - Claims to the baronies of Grey (of Powis) and Cherleton
Appendix D - page 702 - The barony of Hastings of Hungerford
Appendix E - page 704 - Some examination of the grounds for the decision of the Lords in the case of the earldom of Norfolk
Appendix F - page 706 - Bastards of Charles II
Appendix G - page 709 - Dates of English parliaments before 1500 in writs to which baronies by writ now existing have their origin
Appendix B - page 713 - Peers holding above 100,000 acres in 1883
VII. Husee to Lincolnshire 1929 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden Appendix A - page 703 - Baronies created by patent or charter before the sixteenth century
Appendix B - page 704 - The Lordship of the Isle of Wight
Appendix C - page 705 - The Barony of Berkeley
Appendix D - page 708 - The ancestors of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester
Appendix E & F - page 718 - Limitations to "heirs male"
Appendix G - page 734 - Peerage titles of a higher grade held without a barony
Appendix H - page 735 - Claims to the barony of Delvin
Appendix I - page 737 - Waleran, Count of Meulan, and his successors
Appendix J - page 743 - The Countess Lucy
Appendix K - page 747 - Attempted French invasion of Scotland, 1708
VIII. Lindley to Moate 1932 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden Appendix A - page 721 - The ducal title in the British Isles
Appendix B - page 749 - A note on the representation of the family of Keith
Appendix C - page 751 - Life peerages
Appendix D - page 754 - Margaret Fleming
Appendix E - page 757 - Surnames of foreign dynasties
Appendix F - page 759 - Peers and sons of peers who served in the Great War, 1914–18
Appendix G - page 827 - Some observations on the two earldoms of Mar
IX. Moels to Nuneham 1936 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden [Appendices are on separately numbered pages in Volumes IX to XII]
Appendix A - page 3 - A note on the relationship between the families of Mortimer and Warenne
Appendix B - page 8 - English baronies created by Henry III
Appendix C - page 23 - Cardinal Beton's secret bond
Appendix D - page 25 - The ancestry of Sir Edward Montagu of Boughton, Chief Justice of the King's Bench 1539
Appendix E - page 30 - Observations on the baronies of Montagu and Monthermer
Appendix F - page 44 - A note on the creation of the barony of Monteagle
Appendix G - page 45 - Some observations on the Mowbray and Segrave case of 1877
Appendix H - page 58 - The Lords Morley and the Marshalcy of Ireland
Appendix I - page 61 - The Montmorency pedigree and the family of Morres
Appendix J - page 75 - The Mar case
X. Oakham to Richmond 1945 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden Appendix A - page 3 - Norse predecessors of the Earls of Orkney
Appendix B - page 32 - The Earldom of Carrick
Appendix C - page 35 - Creation-charters of Irish Earldoms
Appendix D - page 40 - The Earldom of Ormond
Appendix E - page 45 - The restoration of the Earldom of Oxford in 1393
Appendix F - page 47 - The office of Lord Great Chamberlain of England
Appendix G - page 91 - The rise of the Marshal
Appendix H - page 100 - The families of the first and second Earls of Pembroke
Appendix I - page 105 - Creation and investitutre
Appendix J - page 110 - The early Veres
Appendix K - page 121 - Remainders in the creation-charters of 14th-century Earldoms
Appendix L - page 127 - The succession to the Earldom of Pembroke
Appendix M - page 130 - Secret service payments to the Duchess of Portsmouth
Appendix N - page 132 - The Flodden augmentation
XI Rickerton to Sisonby 1949 G. H. White Appendix A - page 2 - The Irish peerage before 1500
Appendix B - page 7 - The Battle of Bannock Burn
Appendix C - page 39 - Heralds of the nobility
Appendix D - page 105 - Henry I's illegitimate children
Appendix E - page 122 - Marshals under the Conqueror
Appendix F - page 126 - The Earldoms of Wiltshire and Salisbury
Appendix G - page 133 - The Plantagent enamel at Le Mans
Appendix H - page 143 - Soi-disant Scottish peers: Ruthven and Rutherford
Appendix I - page 148 - The Baronies of Saye and Sele
Appendix J - page 152 - The descent of Scales
Appendix K - page 155 - The date of the creation of the Earldom of Shrewsbury
XII (part 1) Skelmersdale to Towton 1953 G. H. White Appendix A - page 2 - Baronies by writ
Appendix B - page 4 - "Tête-à-tête portraits" in The Town and Country Magazine
Appendix C - page 5 - Peers who married actresses, singers or dancers
Appendix D - page 6 - Slane peerage case, 1830–35 "The case of George Bryan, Esq."
Appendix E - page 8 - The descent of the Barony of Spynie
Appendix F - page 11 - Nicholas de Stafford and Nicholas the Sheriff
Appendix G - page 14 - The soi-disant Earls of Stirling
Appendix H - page 18 - The succession to the Barony of Strange (of Blackmere)
Appendix I - page 21 - The sons of John (de la Pole), 2nd Duke of Suffolk, by Elizabeth (of York), sister of Edward IV and Richard III
Appendix J - page 26 - The Warenne group of checkered shields
Appendix K - page 30 - The Conqueror's brothers and sisters
Appendix L - page 35 - The Battle of Hastings and the death of Harold
XII (part 2) Tracton to Zouche 1959 G. H. White Appendix A - page 2 - The Norman Earls of Warwick
Appendix B - page 7 - The origin of Eustace FitzJohn
Appendix C - page 12 - The soi-disant Earls of Tyrone
Appendix D - page 14 - The creation of the Barony of Wharton in 1544
Appendix E - page 18 - The soi-disant Earls of Wigtown
Appendix F - page 20 - Peers and sons of peers who have won the Victoria Cross
Appendix G - page 25 - Portraits at Gorhambury
Appendix H - page 26 - The alleged attainder of the Duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed
Appendix I - page 29 - The early heraldry of de Quency
Appendix J - page 32 - The Princes in the Tower
Appendix K - page 40 - Problems of the Bayeux Tapestry
Appendix L - page 45 - Claims to the alleged Barony of Wahull
XIII. Peers created 1901 to 1938 1940 H. A. Doubleday[7] and Lord Howard de Walden Appendix A - page 609 - The ancestry of Viscount Nuffield
Appendix B - page 613 - Lord Nuffield's gifts of £25,000 and upwards
XIV. Addenda & corrigenda 1998 Peter W. Hammond

Volumes 1–5 have the title Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant, and volumes 6–13: The complete peerage; or, A history of the House of lords and all its members from the earliest times.[6]

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

The Complete Peerage

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

The Complete Peerage, formally The Complete Peerage of , , , , and the , Extant, Extinct, or Dormant, is a comprehensive documenting the creation, succession, and history of all peerages in these realms from the earliest times, including titles that remain active, have lapsed, or lie dormant, alongside biographical details of their holders and their roles in the .
Originally compiled by heraldic scholar George Edward Cokayne, the first edition appeared in eight volumes published between 1887 and 1898, establishing it as a foundational genealogical resource reliant on archival records, patents of nobility, and contemporary accounts.
A revised and greatly enlarged second edition, under the general editorship of Vicary Gibbs with contributions from H. Arthur Doubleday and subsequent specialists, was issued by the St Catherine Press in twelve volumes comprising thirteen physical books from 1910 to 1959, incorporating corrections, additional research, and coverage up to contemporary peerages.
A fourteenth volume of addenda, corrigenda, and indexes followed in 1998, ensuring the work's enduring utility; prized for its rigorous verification against primary evidence, The Complete Peerage remains the preeminent authority on British noble lineages, supplanting earlier compilations through its systematic approach and depth of documentation.

Historical Development

Origins and First Edition (1887–1898)

The first edition of The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant originated as the personal scholarly endeavor of George Edward Cokayne (1825–1911), a distinguished genealogist and heraldic officer at the College of Arms. Appointed Lancaster Herald in 1860 and later Norroy King of Arms in 1882, Cokayne leveraged his expertise and access to archival materials to compile a systematic account of British peerages, addressing gaps in earlier works like Sir William Dugdale's Baronage of England (1675–1676) and Nicholas Harris Nicolas's Extinct Peerage (1813), which were criticized for incompleteness and errors. The project sought to establish a definitive reference by documenting all creations, successions, and extinctions from the Norman Conquest onward, emphasizing verification from primary sources such as patent rolls, inquisitions post mortem, and family muniments. Publication commenced with Volume I (covering titles from Ab-Adam to Basing) in 1887, issued by G. Bell and Sons of , with subsequent volumes appearing progressively until Volume VIII (Zouche) in 1898. Each volume followed an alphabetical arrangement by family name, providing detailed pedigrees, biographical sketches, and historical context for peers, while including appendices on abeyances, female peerages, and disputed successions. Cokayne's methodology prioritized over tradition, often correcting long-accepted genealogies based on record analysis, though the edition's prefaces noted ongoing challenges in sourcing medieval materials. The work's rigorous standards earned immediate recognition among historians and genealogists as the preeminent authority on the subject. Despite its comprehensiveness, the first edition was not without limitations; Cokayne acknowledged in introductory notes the provisional nature of some entries pending further research, and the absence of an index until later supplements. By 1898, the set comprised over 5,000 pages, reflecting two decades of compilation, but discoveries in the intervening years necessitated the eventual second edition under new editors.

Second Edition Expansion (1910–1959)

The second edition of The Complete Peerage began publication in , substantially revising and enlarging the original eight-volume set to address its incompletenesses in coverage and depth. Volume I, covering titles from Ab-Adam to , was prepared under George Edward Cokayne's direction before his death on 6 August 1911. This edition systematically reworked entries alphabetically through to Z, incorporating additional primary records from public archives, family papers, and heraldic visitations that had become accessible since the , thereby extending lineages backward and filling gaps in extinct peerages. Following Cokayne, editorial responsibility shifted to the Hon. Vicary Gibbs, his nephew and a with antiquarian interests, who edited Volumes II (1912, Bass to Canning) through V (1921, Eardley of Spalding to Goojerat, 1838 creation). Gibbs collaborated closely with H. A. Doubleday on Volumes III (1913, Canonteign to Cutts) to V, emphasizing cross-verification against original charters and wills to correct genealogical errors identified in the first edition, such as disputed successions in medieval baronies. The pace slowed after Volume V due to Gibbs's increasing commitments and the onset of the First World War, which limited access to continental sources and contributor availability; Gibbs died in 1935 without seeing completion. Volumes VI (1926, Gordon to Hustpierpoint) onward were led by H. A. Doubleday, assisted by Duncan Warrand and Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis, 8th , focusing on Scottish and Irish peerages with enhanced treatment of abeyances and dormant claims based on parliamentary records and registers. Doubleday's tenure extended to Volume X (1945, to Ruckley), interrupted by the Second World War, after which Geoffrey H. assumed primary editorship for Volumes XI (1949, Rickerton to Scarsdale) and XII (1953–1959, Schreger to Zouche, issued in two parts due to expanded content on post-1707 creations). White's volumes integrated post-Edwardian peerage elevations, drawing on official gazettes and documents for precision in disputes, culminating in 1959 as the standard reference despite ongoing minor revisions needed for contemporary titles. The full set, printed by the St. Catherine Press, totaled thirteen volumes in fourteen physical parts, reflecting cumulative scholarly input from over a dozen specialist contributors.

Editorial Leadership

George Edward Cokayne's Role

George Edward Cokayne (1825–1911), an English genealogist and heraldic officer, compiled and edited the first edition of The Complete Peerage as its foundational author. Born on 29 April 1825 in , Cokayne developed expertise in genealogy through extensive archival research, serving as Lancaster Herald from 1869 and later as from 1895 until his death on 6 August 1911. His heraldic roles at the provided access to primary records such as rolls of arms, patents of creation, and summonses to , which informed his systematic approach to verifying titles and successions. Cokayne's principal contribution was authoring the eight-volume first edition, published by G. Bell & Sons from 1887 to 1898, which aimed to document all peerages—extant, extinct, abeyant, or dormant—across , , , , and the up to that date. Volumes progressed alphabetically by title, beginning with Ab-Adam to Basing in 1887 and concluding with U to Z in 1898, incorporating detailed lineages, creation dates, and biographical notes drawn from official rather than secondary compilations. This effort marked the first comprehensive attempt to consolidate scattered heraldic and parliamentary evidence into a single reference, addressing gaps in prior works like Nicholas Harris Nicolas's British Peerage (anecdotal and incomplete). Though pioneering, Cokayne's edition relied heavily on his personal scholarship amid limited collaborative verification, leading to occasional errors in descent or dating that were later rectified in the revised second edition under Vicary Gibbs. Nonetheless, his rigorous evidentiary standards—prioritizing contemporary documents over tradition—established methodological precedents for studies, earning posthumous dedication in the 1910 onward revision as a testament to its enduring scholarly value. Cokayne's prior publications, including The Complete Baronetage (1900–1909), complemented this work by extending similar scrutiny to baronetcies, reinforcing his reputation for factual precision in nobiliary history.

Successor Editors and Key Contributors

The second edition of The Complete Peerage commenced under the editorship of the Hon. Vicary Gibbs after George Edward Cokayne's death on 6 1911, with Gibbs overseeing volumes I (1910) through V (1921) and receiving substantial assistance from H. A. Doubleday on volumes III to V. Gibbs's tenure emphasized rigorous revision and expansion of Cokayne's original framework, incorporating newly available archival materials while maintaining genealogical precision. In 1920, following Gibbs's retirement, H. A. Doubleday succeeded as principal editor, co-editing volume VI (1925) with Duncan Warrand and Thomas Scott-Ellis, 8th ; Doubleday and Howard de Walden then collaborated on volumes VII to X (–). Doubleday, experienced in historical editing from his work on the Victoria County History, focused on verifying successions through primary records such as patent rolls and family muniments. Doubleday's death in 1941 prompted Geoffrey H. White, a prior contributor, to assume editorship for the concluding volumes XI to XIII (1949–1959), finalizing the core publication with input from Howard de Walden on volume X. White's efforts addressed wartime disruptions and integrated post-Edwardian creations, upholding the series' standards of evidentiary substantiation over conjecture. Among key contributors, Duncan Warrand provided specialized Scottish peerage expertise for early volumes, while R. S. Lea supported biographical compilations across the edition; their roles ensured comprehensive cross-verification against official sources like the registers.

Scope and Content Parameters

Covered Peerages and Jurisdictions

The Complete Peerage systematically documents hereditary peerages—dukedoms, marquessates, earldoms, viscountcies, and baronies—created by the monarchs of from the 11th century onward, from the medieval period, from the late , following the Act of Union, and the after the Acts of Union. These jurisdictions reflect the historical evolution of the British monarchy's titular grants, with entries distinguishing creations by origin to account for distinct legal and precedential traditions, such as Scottish peerages retaining separate representation until 1963. The work excludes non-hereditary titles, including life peerages introduced under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 and expanded in the , as well as baronetcies and knighthoods, focusing solely on parliamentary peerages eligible for summons to the . Irish peerages receive dedicated treatment, covering creations by English and later British monarchs for the Kingdom of up to , though post-Union Irish titles continued to be granted without House of Lords seats unless advanced to a UK peerage. Scottish peerages are addressed with attention to their unique conventions, such as the precedence of ancient and the exclusion of feudal lordships not elevated to parliamentary status. The compilation omits peerages from British overseas dominions, such as those created under the or for colonial governors, limiting scope to the core jurisdictions under the sovereign's direct authority. Foreign titles held by British peers, like those from the , are noted only incidentally when impacting succession or precedence.

Treatment of Extant, Extinct, and Dormant Titles

The Complete Peerage systematically documents hereditary peerages across England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, explicitly including those classified as extant (currently held), extinct (terminated), or dormant (unclaimed or in abeyance without formal extinction). This tripartite categorization, reflected in the work's full title, ensures a holistic record rather than limiting coverage to active titles, enabling scholars to reconstruct peerage histories in full. Entries are arranged alphabetically by title, with each providing a chronological succession of holders, supported by primary evidence such as patents, writs, and official records. For extant peerages, the treatment emphasizes continuity, tracing lineages from the date of creation—often specifying the monarch's grant and jurisdictional origin—to the most recent holder as of the volume's compilation date, typically incorporating updates through supplements for post-1910 changes. Biographical sketches accompany successions, detailing dates of birth, , , and significant events, while verifying through collateral lines where applies. This approach, revised extensively in the second edition (1910–1959), incorporated errata and new evidence to maintain accuracy up to the mid-20th century, excluding life peerages created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 or later reforms. Extinct peerages receive equivalent depth, with narratives commencing at and concluding at the precise date and cause of cessation, such as failure of legitimate male heirs (e.g., under salic or semi-salic rules for certain baronies), for , or surrender. The work records over 1,000 such titles, cross-referencing creations post-Union (, ) and distinguishing feudal from post-feudal extinctions; for instance, early Norman baronies extinct by the are mapped via inquisitions post mortem. Verification relies on parliamentary rolls, Close Rolls, and heraldic visitations, highlighting cases where apparent revivals were deemed new creations. Dormant titles, comprising a smaller subset (primarily baronies by susceptible to among co-heiresses or disputed Scotch honours), are analyzed for unresolved successions, identifying last summoned or recognized holders and potential claimants through female descent or special remainders. The probes —e.g., noting partitions among daughters since Edward III's era—and dormant Scottish peerages post-1707 Union, where claims await adjudication. Unlike extant entries, these conclude without a current holder but speculate cautiously on heirs based on contemporary genealogies, as in the treatment of the Barony of Abergavenny (dormant 1394–1917, later called out of ). This inclusion underscores the work's utility for resolving historical claims, though it predates modern DNA evidence or post-1963 peerage reforms.

Methodological Foundations

Primary Sources and Verification Processes

The compilation of The Complete Peerage drew extensively from original archival records held in institutions such as the , the , and the . Primary sources encompassed medieval and early modern documents including the Close Rolls, Patent Rolls, Fine Rolls, Charter Rolls, and Chancery Inquisitions Post Mortem, which furnished direct evidence of peerage creations via writs of summons, , and successions through inheritance inquiries. Additional materials included parliamentary rolls, state papers (such as Domestic and Irish series), rolls for , and from 1665 onward, enabling verification of titles' legal status, attainders, and restorations. Wills, parish registers, heraldic visitations, and private charters supplemented these, with specific examples like Addit. Charter 13335 (dated 16 September 1634) confirming familial links. Verification processes emphasized cross-referencing across disparate records to resolve discrepancies, such as aligning inquisitions post mortem with contemporary chronicles or monuments bearing inscriptions and seals. Editors scrutinized earlier compilations like Dugdale's Baronage (1675–1676) and Lodge's Irish Peerage for inaccuracies, often overriding them with primary evidence; for instance, J. Horace Round's analysis corrected feudal baronage interpretations by prioritizing entries and feudal aids over tenure-based assumptions. Expert collaboration was integral, involving genealogists like G. W. Watson and Oswald Barron, who contributed specialized reviews, alongside input from heraldic officers and Record Commission staff. Legal precedents from privilege committees, such as decisions on abeyances (e.g., the 1871 Mowbray and Segrave case), provided authoritative benchmarks for dormant titles. In the second edition (1910–1959), methodological rigor intensified under Vicary Gibbs and successors, incorporating newly accessible Historical Manuscripts Commission reports and unprinted manuscripts (e.g., Stuart Papers, vol. i, pp. 127–130). This entailed systematic pedigree reconstruction, where unsigned or forged documents were rejected unless corroborated— as in dismissing certain Betham transcripts lacking original validation—while like and armorial bearings offered supplementary corroboration. The process yielded footnotes comprising up to 70% of entries, citing originals to facilitate independent audit, though temporal constraints limited full integration of post-1930 discoveries.

Genealogical and Biographical Standards

The genealogical standards of The Complete Peerage emphasized rigorous verification through primary sources, such as charters, wills, parliamentary rolls, inquisitions post mortem, patent rolls, close rolls, fine rolls, papal letters, and heraldic visitations, to substantiate descents, successions, and title creations. Secondary compilations, including earlier works by Dugdale or Courthope, were consulted only when corroborated by original documents, with explicit corrections applied where discrepancies arose from prior errors, such as misidentified successions or unverified family claims. Pedigrees underwent critical against and private archives, including family Bibles, monumental inscriptions, and state papers; tentative attributions, like creation dates for early Irish baronies lacking patents, were noted as such due to evidentiary limitations. Verification processes involved cross-referencing multiple independent records—e.g., charter rolls from 1227 or close rolls from 31 Edward III—to resolve conflicts, with footnotes detailing authorities only for contested or novel statements. The editor, George Edward Cokayne, and successors like Vicary Gibbs, prioritized factual accuracy over conjecture, incorporating expert contributions from scholars such as J. Horace Round and G. W. Watson to refine lineages, while welcoming post-publication corrections to address any overlooked inconsistencies. For post-medieval periods, parish registers, the London Gazette (from 1665), and Historical Manuscripts Commission reports supplemented feudal and royal records, ensuring comprehensive coverage of extant, extinct, and dormant titles up to 1910. Biographical entries adhered to sourced, objective detail, encompassing parentage, vital dates (birth, , , , ), honors, public offices, , attainders, restorations, estates, and political roles—e.g., Whig or affiliations tracked via protests, division lists, and parliamentary companions since 1679–81. Character assessments and personal traits, such as physical descriptions or key events like executions, derived from contemporary chronicles, memoirs, private correspondence, and legal depositions (e.g., 1641 testimonies in disputes), omitting unsubstantiated anecdotes. Legal principles, including pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant (affirmed by King's Bench in 1694), informed treatments of legitimacy and inheritance claims, with disputes like the Earl of Banbury case analyzed through evidentiary review rather than presumption. This approach, as stated in the , reflected the editor's commitment: "The present Editor has spared no pains to utilise to the utmost these sources of information."

Publication Composition

Volume Organization and Indexing

The second edition of The Complete Peerage consists of thirteen volumes published between 1910 and 1959, with Volumes I through XII systematically arranged in by peerage title, enabling sequential coverage from the earliest creations to those extant or dormant as of the compilation dates. Volume I addresses titles from Ab-Adam to Basing, Volume II from Bass to , Volume III from Canonteign to Cutts, and subsequent volumes proceed similarly through the alphabet, culminating in Volume XII with titles from Ufford to Zouche (of Haryngworth). This structure prioritizes titular nomenclature over chronological or jurisdictional sequence, grouping all creations, successions, and extinctions for each title within its designated volume to support comprehensive genealogical tracing. Volume XIII, issued in 1949, deviates from the alphabetical progression to incorporate peerages created between 1901 and 1938, an appendix on additional matters such as disputed successions, corrigenda addressing errors in prior volumes, and a consolidated general index spanning the entire series. The index in Volume XIII functions as the primary navigational tool, cataloging personal names, place names, titles, and key events with cross-references to volume and page, thereby compensating for the thematic fragmentation inherent in the titular organization. Individual volumes include subsidiary indexes limited to their covered titles, aiding localized consultation but reliant on the master index for broader queries. A fourteenth volume, edited by Peter W. Hammond and published in 1998, extends the work with further addenda and corrections identified post-1959, maintaining the alphabetical framework where applicable while updating the indexing to reflect new verifications. This supplemental structure underscores the editorial commitment to iterative refinement, though users must across volumes for complete pedigrees due to the absence of a unified chronological index.

Supplements and Post-Publication Addenda

The primary post-publication supplement to The Complete Peerage is Volume XIV: Addenda et Corrigenda, edited by Peter Hammond and published in 1998 by Sutton Publishing in , . This 871-page volume systematically compiles additions and corrections to the preceding thirteen volumes, addressing omissions, newly discovered evidence, and identified errors in genealogical lineages, successions, and biographical details up to the mid-20th century cutoff of the original series. Hammond, a professional genealogist associated with the , drew on and peer-reviewed submissions to verify entries, prioritizing primary documents such as rolls and inquisitions post mortem over secondary sources. The volume's structure includes corrigenda organized by original volume and page, with specific amendments to creations, extinctions, and disputed successions—for instance, clarifications on the earls of and dukes of —alongside addenda for overlooked co-heiresses and dormant claims. It does not extend coverage to peerages created after 1937 but rectifies temporal gaps in earlier editions through cross-references to post-1959 events where causally relevant to prior lineages. This supplement enhances the work's reliability without altering its foundational methodology, though reviewers noted its high cost (£95) limited accessibility at the time. No official further supplements have been issued by the original editorial lineage or associated institutions like the College of Arms, reflecting the series' completion as a historical reference rather than a living registry. Independent efforts, such as Douglas Richardson's ongoing rewrites documented in peerage discussion forums since December 2023, propose modern updates incorporating DNA evidence and digital archives, but these remain unofficial and unverified against the Hammond standard. Such initiatives highlight persistent scholarly interest yet underscore the 1998 volume's role as the authoritative post-publication consolidation.

Scholarly Reception

Recognition for Authoritativeness

The Complete Peerage is acknowledged as the preeminent scholarly authority on the , , , , and the , encompassing both extant and extinct titles through meticulous analysis of original documents including royal charters, parliamentary records, and heraldic visitations. Its second edition, revised and expanded across 13 volumes from 1910 to 1959 with a 1936 index and 1998 addenda, established it as indispensable for verifying successions and biographical details, surpassing earlier works like the first edition or in depth and critical evaluation. Historians have praised its methodological rigor, with K. B. McFarlane's 1950 review in the English Historical Review emphasizing its broader historical significance: "It has become as essential to the historical student as to the genealogist," lamenting that its value as a contribution to history was not more widely recognized at the time. The work's reliance on primary evidence, such as the Close Rolls and inquisitions post mortem, underpins this esteem, enabling corrections to prior inaccuracies in peerage chronologies. Major academic endeavors, including the History of Parliament Trust's biographical surveys, designate it a core genealogical standard for standardizing titles and lineages, integrating it with sources like the Complete Baronetage for comprehensive . Similarly, medieval specialists highlight its status as the foundational text for tracing noble descents, with ongoing reprints—such as the 2000 Sutton edition—affirming its enduring utility despite temporal limitations in covering post-1930 creations. This recognition extends to institutional libraries and research guides, where it is cataloged as the benchmark for noble prosopography, influencing subsequent scholarship on aristocratic influence and land tenure from the onward. Its editorial board, comprising heralds like and historians such as Geoffrey H. White, further bolsters credibility through peer-reviewed volumes that address errata from prior editions.

Enduring Influence on Peerage Studies

The Complete Peerage has profoundly shaped studies by establishing itself as the authoritative of British noble titles, extinct, extant, or dormant, with its thirteen-volume second edition (1910–1959) prioritizing verification over uncritical acceptance of prior compilations. This methodological emphasis on evidential rigor, including cross-referencing charters, patents, and official records, set a benchmark that compelled later genealogists to adopt similar standards, moving the field from anecdotal traditions toward empirical foundations. Scholarly works on medieval and early modern , such as analyses of Norman aristocratic continuity, routinely invoke it for pedigree validation, underscoring its role in anchoring historical arguments to documented lineages. Its enduring legacy manifests in persistent citations within academic literature, where it functions as an indispensable for reconstructing noble descents and assessing claims, even as digital tools and new archival discoveries emerge. For example, studies of creations under and evaluations of Tudor noble influence draw directly from its detailed entries to contextualize political and . The Institute of Historical highlights its status as the standard , reflecting broad recognition among historians for its comprehensive scope and analytical depth that subsequent references, like , have built upon rather than supplanted for historical inquiries. This influence extends to shaping professional genealogy, where its alphabetical organization and indexed addenda facilitate efficient verification, training researchers to scrutinize inconsistencies in earlier sources like Dugdale's works. By documenting over 2,000 lines with biographical and heraldic precision, it has enabled causal analyses of inheritance patterns and their societal impacts, informing broader historical narratives on aristocracy's evolution. Despite temporal limitations, its framework persists in contemporary research, as evidenced by its integration into theses on Anglo-Saxon to post-Conquest noble transitions, ensuring its centrality in truth-seeking scholarship.

Criticisms and Shortcomings

Documented Errors and Inconsistencies

The second edition of The Complete Peerage, spanning publications from 1910 to 1959, incorporates corrigenda in its own supplements, acknowledging factual inaccuracies identified post-initial releases, such as erroneous dates of creations or successions derived from incomplete medieval records like patent rolls and inquisitions post mortem. Volume XIV (1998), edited by Peter Hammond under the Historical Research Unit, systematically compiles addenda and corrections for prior volumes, addressing issues like misattributed parentage and overlooked abeyances in baronial lines. These stem from the challenges of reconciling conflicting contemporary documents, where, for example, writs of summons were sometimes misinterpreted as conferring baronial dignity prematurely. Subsequent independent scholarship has documented additional errors, often through reanalysis of primary charters and unavailable or undervalued during the original compilation. Genealogist Charles Cawley, in his online compendium, catalogs confirmed corrections across volumes, including Volume V's entry on the earls of (p. 391), where parentage links were refined based on Breton and Norman cartularies showing discrepancies in maternal lines. Similarly, Volume XI's account of the Barons Say erroneously identified Alice, wife of Geoffrey de Say (d. ), as not descending from John de Chesney; J. Horace Round's examination of feudal aids and charters established her as his daughter and coheir, altering succession claims. Inconsistencies also arise from multi-editor contributions—ranging from G.E. Cokayne to Geoffrey H. White—leading to variances in interpretive rigor, such as differing treatments of integrations post-Union or Irish titles under Cromwellian grants. For instance, early volumes occasionally over-relied on heraldic visitations prone to self-aggrandizement, inflating extinct lines, while later ones incorporated Committee for Privileges decisions but overlooked nuances in reversals, as noted in peerage-news discussions compiling post-1959 updates. These lapses, though minor relative to the work's scope of over 13 volumes covering thousands of titles, underscore the necessity of cross-verification with modern databases like the Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem. No comprehensive errata exceeds Volume XIV's framework, but cumulative scholarly amendments ensure its foundational status endures with caveats for pre-20th-century entries.

Limitations Due to Temporal Constraints

The revised edition of The Complete Peerage, published between 1910 and 1959, incorporates peerage creations only up to , as detailed in volume 13, which covers titles granted from 1901 to that year. Hereditary peerages elevated after 1938, such as the Barony of Alanbrooke in 1946 or the Earldom of Stockton in 1984, are entirely absent from its scope, reflecting the project's cessation of substantive updates amid shifts in peerage practices, including a decline in new hereditary creations. Entries for extant peerages capture successions, births, marriages, and deaths only as verified up to the compilation date of each volume, with later volumes like volume 12 (parts 1 and 2, published –) offering marginally more recent data for those families. Consequently, post-publication events—such as the death of a peer without issue leading to or the resolution of abeyances—remain unaddressed, rendering the work incomplete for lineages affected by mid- to late-20th-century developments; for instance, the succession to the Barony of Strange upon the death of its holder in 1986 occurred over a quarter-century after the final volume. Volume 14, comprising addenda and corrigenda issued around , provides minor rectifications but does not extend chronological coverage or systematically incorporate later evidence, underscoring the inherent obsolescence of a multi-decade editorial process reliant on pre-1959 archival access. This temporal rigidity limits the text's standalone utility for ongoing inquiries, requiring cross-verification with subsequent official records like for accuracy beyond the mid-20th century.

Contemporary Utility

Digital Editions and Archival Access

Digitized versions of The Complete Peerage are publicly accessible through non-commercial archival repositories, reflecting its status as a work from the early 20th century. The hosts scans of multiple volumes from the first edition (1887–1898), including Volume 1, digitized and made available for borrowing or download as of August 9, 2015. Volumes from the revised edition (1910–1959), such as Volume 2, are similarly available there, uploaded November 6, 2009, enabling keyword-searchable full-text access without subscription fees. HathiTrust catalogs and provides digitized copies of various volumes, including the 1910 edition of Volume 1 and Volume 9 from the limited edition series, with full views often restricted to users affiliated with partner institutions but partial previews open to all. This platform's integration with university libraries ensures high-fidelity scans derived from physical holdings, though access tiers prioritize academic verification over unrestricted public use. FamilySearch, a genealogy-focused archive, includes catalog entries for the complete set, offering digital images viewable by registered users, particularly useful for cross-referencing with vital records. provides limited digitized previews of select volumes, such as the 1887 edition of Volume 1, scanned from holdings on August 1, 2007, but full access remains fragmented across snippets rather than complete texts. No centralized commercial digital edition exists, as reproductions rely on these volunteer-scanned public archives rather than proprietary platforms. Physical archival access supplements digital options, with original volumes held in institutions like the , but digital formats have expanded utility for remote researchers since the 2000s, mitigating wear on rare prints. These resources, while comprehensive, require cross-verification due to potential OCR errors in scans from pre-digital eras.

Relevance in Modern Genealogical Research

The Complete Peerage continues to serve as a foundational reference in modern genealogical research, especially for tracing lineages involving British , due to its systematic documentation of titles, heirs, and familial connections backed by citations to charters, inquisitions post mortem, and other primary evidence. Genealogists rely on it to establish descents from extinct or dormant peerages, which is crucial for applications to hereditary societies, claims, or verifying ancestry in histories. In contemporary practice, it functions as a vetted synthesis that expedites hypothesis-testing against digitized archives and genetic data; for instance, Y-chromosome DNA projects cross-reference its pedigrees to identify matches among claimants to baronial or earldom lines. University genealogy guides and academic papers highlight its enduring utility for nobility-focused inquiries, where its volume-specific indexes enable targeted searches for marital alliances or successions up to the early 20th century. Researchers supplement it with errata compilations and primary verification to mitigate known discrepancies, such as misdated creations or overlooked co-heiresses, ensuring its role as a critical but not infallible tool in an era of online record aggregation and forensic genealogy. Efforts toward a revised third edition, incorporating post-1936 addenda, underscore its adaptability to ongoing scholarly needs.

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