Syria has had various constitutions, the first being the Syrian Constitution of 1930. A new interim constitution was adopted on 13 March 2025, replacing the 2012 constitution after the fall of the Assad regime.

The Syrian Constitution of 1930, drafted by a committee under Ibrahim Hananu, was the founding constitution of the First Syrian Republic. The constitution required the President to be of Muslim faith (article 3). It was replaced by the Constitution of 5 September 1950, which was restored following the Constitution of 10 July 1953 and the Provisional Constitution of the United Arab Republic.

Following the 1963 Syrian coup d'état, the first decision of the "Revolution Command Council," chaired by Lu'ay al-Atassi, was to suspend the provisional constitution of the United Arab Republic, arrest President Nazim al-Qudsi and Prime Minister Khalid al-Azm, and impose a state of emergency that lasted for 48 years until it was lifted in April 2011. A new Provisional Constitution was adopted on 25 April 1964 which itself was replaced by the Provisional Constitution of 1 May 1969.

A new constitution was adopted on 13 March 1973 and was in use until 27 February 2012. The constitution officially entrenched the power of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, with its 8th article describing the party as "the leading party in the society and the state", outlining its political system as a one-party state under the Ba'ath party. The constitution has been amended twice. Article 6 was amended in 1981. The constitution was last amended in 2000 when the minimum age of the President was lowered from 40 to 34.

Following the 2011 Syrian revolution, the Syrian government drafted a new constitution and put it to a referendum on 26 February 2012, which was unmonitored by international observers. The modifications in the constitution were cosmetic and part of the Ba'athist government's response to the nationwide protests. Since the move monopolized the power of the Government of Syria and was drafted without consultation outside loyalist circles, Syrian opposition and revolutionary parties boycotted the referendum, resulting in very low participation as per government data. The referendum resulted in the adoption of the new constitution, which came into force on 27 February 2012.

On 23 January 2017, Russian diplomats presented a draft constitution for a new Syrian constitution which was rejected by the opposition delegates.

The constitution ceased to be in effect after the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December 2024 and was officially phased out on 29 January 2025.

After the fall of the Assad regime, Syria TV reported on 29 December 2024, that preparations were underway for a National Conference with 1,200 representatives, though the date had not yet been decided. During the conference, a constitutional drafting committee would be announced, the People's Assembly of Syria and all armed factions, including Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, would be dissolved, and a new national army would be restructured. Later that day, Syrian de facto leader Ahmed al-Sharaa stated that elections could take up to 4 years to be organized, with the need to conduct a census beforehand.