Undertook groundbreaking research for his PhD at University College London (UCL), exploring the neural basis of imagination, memory, and planning. This interdisciplinary approach informed his subsequent AI strategies.

Conducted postdoctoral research at MIT and Harvard, further expanding his expertise in neuroscience and solidifying his reputation as a leading researcher in the field.

His post-PhD research centred around understanding how the brain uses memory and imagination to plan and predict future events. This became crucial for informing the design of AI systems capable of similar cognitive processes.