Discrimination based on nationality is discrimination against a person based on their nationality, citizenship, or naturalization. Many countries' non-discrimination laws contain exceptions for nationality and immigration status.

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), currently signed by 88 countries, allows discrimination by nationality, citizenship or naturalization but prohibits discrimination "against any particular nationality".

1. In this Convention, the term "racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.

2. This Convention shall not apply to distinctions, exclusions, restrictions or preferences made by a State Party to this Convention between citizens and non-citizens.

3. Nothing in this Convention may be interpreted as affecting in any way the legal provisions of States Parties concerning nationality, citizenship or naturalization, provided that such provisions do not discriminate against any particular nationality.

— International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 1

Article 7(1) of the Refugee Convention prohibits discrimination of the basis of nationality between refugees and aliens.

Some international investment agreements also prohibit discrimination based on the nationality of the investor.