Drill music
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Drill music

Drill music, also known as drill rap or simply drill, is a subgenre of hip-hop music that originated in Chicago in the early 2010s. It is sonically similar to the trap subgenre and lyrically similar to the gangsta rap subgenre. Drill lyricism is noted for its ominous, confrontational nature, often including references to gang rivalries and various incidents, sometimes murder, although the subgenre is thematically broader. Drill artists often address authentic, real-life conflicts, at times incorporating artistic expressions such as bravado, taunting or mockery.

Early drill artists are typically noted for their associations with crime in Chicago, especially with the Black Disciples and Gangster Disciples. The genre garnered mainstream attention in 2012 following the success of pioneering Chicago rappers like Chief Keef, Lil Durk, Lil Reese, Fredo Santana, G Herbo, Lil Bibby, King Louie, FBG Duck and producer Young Chop. Other rappers, such as Lil JoJo, S. Dot, Edai, L'A Capone, RondoNumbaNine, Lil Mister, SD and producers Smylez and Leek-E-Leek also contributed to the early drill scene. Additionally, DJ's including DJ Kenn Aon and DJ Hustlenomics were conducive to the subgenre's early growth. Female rappers such as Sasha Go Hard, Katie Got Bandz, and the group Pretty N Pink developed the distinctive feminine style of drill music.

Chicago drill music saw a resurgence in the mainstream during the late 2010s and early 2020s with artists such as King Von, Polo G, Calboy and a revamped Lil Durk. By the 2020s, drill's popularity spread globally, with the BBC in 2021 describing drill as "the sound of the global youth". The UK drill scene emerged in the mid-2010s, leading to the prominence of artists such as 67, Harlem Spartans, CGM, and Skengdo x AM. UK drill subsequently influenced regional scenes in Europe and America, including Brooklyn drill, which gained mainstream popularity in the early 2020s with artists like Pop Smoke and Fivio Foreign. Drill scenes have been noted in such locales as Ireland, Australia, the Netherlands, Ghana, Uganda, Denmark and France.

The subgenre's controversial nature has stimulated discussion. Public debate about the implications drill rap has raged, while some authorities, elected officials, and commentators in the UK and America castigate the genre and its artists, claiming that drill rap catalyzes real world violence. On the other hand, it has been counterargued that drill illuminates harsh societal realities, resonating closely with the disenfranchised youth audience, and that artists are within their right to self-expression. Attempts at curtailing the subgenre, including deleting posted music videos, blockading performances, and legalizing song lyrics as criminal evidence, have been put in practice in the UK and America, generating further controversy.

Drill lyrics tend to be adversarial, aggressive, sometimes with a "combative energy". The Guardian's Lucy Stehlik said, "Nihilistic drill reflects real life where its squeaky-clean hip-hop counterparts have failed." Drill lyrics strongly contrast with the subject matter of earlier Chicago rappers and contemporary mainstream hip hop which at the time of drill's emergence tended to glorify and celebrate a rise to wealth.

Drill lyrics typically reflect crime on the streets, and tend to be gritty, violent, realistic, and nihilistic. The Philadelphia Inquirer describes drill lyrics as "celebrating violence" and that the songs "often explicitly describe shootings, mock victims, and taunt enemies". According to DJ Drewski of Hot 97, "That's what started the whole New York drill [scene] was if I beef with you, or if I got a problem with you, I'm gonna say it on this record". In drill lyrics, the term "opp" or "opps" (an abbreviation of the word "opposition") is frequently used to refer to enemy gang members and rivals. Drill rappers use a grim, deadpan delivery, often filtered through Auto-Tune, influenced by the "stoned, aimless warbling of Soulja Boy (one of the earliest non-local Keef collaborators) and Lil Wayne before him." Atlanta-based rappers Gucci Mane and Waka Flocka Flame were important influences on the early drill rappers.

The BBC states that "Whereas trap, the Atlanta-born rap style that dominated hip-hop for most of the 2000s, is often rhythmically rigid – with a snare falling on the third beat of each bar – drill moves to skippy, syncopated hi-hat patterns echoing the rapid fire of a machine gun".

The Guardian called drill production style the "sonic cousin to skittish footwork, southern-fried hip-hop and the 808 trigger-finger of trap." Young Chop is frequently identified by critics as the genre's most characteristic producer. The sound of trap producer Lex Luger's music is a major influence on drill, and Young Chop identified Shawty Redd, Drumma Boy, and Zaytoven as important precursors to drill. Chicago drill is traditionally characterized by synth brass and bell melodic elements, use of the crash cymbal, and busy snare drum patterns.

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