Edward Ellsberg
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Edward Ellsberg, OBE (November 21, 1891 – January 24, 1983) was an officer in the United States Navy and a popular author. He was widely known as "Commander Ellsberg".

Key Information

Early years

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Ellsberg was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Colorado. He was one of the very few Jews who were accepted into the United States Naval Academy,[1] which graduated him with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1914. He earned his Master of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1920. He received an honorary Eng.D. from University of Colorado at Boulder in 1929.

First service with the U.S. Navy

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Ellsberg was commissioned in the navy in 1914 and served on active duty until 1926. He became an expert in undersea salvage and rescue. In 1926, he raised the navy submarine, S-51. For that success he was promoted to the rank of commander by an Act of Congress and awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the Navy Department, since which time he has been popularly known as "Commander Ellsberg", regardless of his rank. Ellsberg described the raising of the S-51 in his 1929 book, On the Bottom.

On June 1, 1918, Ellsberg married Lucy Buck. In letters to her he signed his name as "Ned". Lucy Ellsberg bore their daughter Mary on 29 August 1921.

Return to civilian status

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Poster for Hell Below (1933), adapted from Ellsberg's novel Pigboats

After leaving active duty, Ellsberg worked for the Tide Water Oil Company and began writing books about his exploits and about historical events.

In December 1927, Ellsberg volunteered for active duty to rescue survivors trapped in the sunken submarine S-4. The rescue efforts failed and Ellsberg returned home in early January 1928.

Ellsberg's 1931 book, Pigboats, inspired the 1933 movie, Hell Below, starring Robert Montgomery, Robert Young, Walter Huston, and Madge Evans.

His book Hell on Ice was adapted for an episode of Orson Welles's The Mercury Theatre on the Air that aired October 9, 1938, on CBS Radio.[2]: 346 [3] An adaptation was also presented on Welles's The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air, broadcast August 9, 1946.[2]: 398 

World War II naval service

[edit]

Immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Ellsberg rejoined the navy. His first assignment was to conduct salvage operations at the newly liberated port of Massawa, Eritrea. Working in beastly heat with virtually no staff and poor administrative support, Ellsberg salvaged a large floating dry dock and several of the ships that had been sunk to block the harbor.

Ellsberg returned the port to operation and the ships salvaged were added to the Allies' merchant fleets. During his work in Massawa, Ellsberg reported to the Lend Lease coordinator in Cairo, Egypt, US Army Major General Russell Maxwell. Ellsberg renamed the SS Liebenfels, a large German freighter, salvaged and refitted at Massawa, the General Russell Maxwell. He described the salvage of the port of Massawa in his book Under the Red Sea Sun. Ellsberg was promoted to captain by presidential order on June 19, 1942. The next year he was awarded the Legion of Merit by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in honor of his salvage efforts in Massawa.

In Under the Red Sea Sun, Ellsberg complained that the American contractor that was assigned to give him administrative support was very unhelpful, but he did not name that company. The company, Johnson, Drake & Piper, itself claimed credit for clearing the port in the privately printed book, "Middle East War Projects of Johnson, Drake & Piper, Inc., for the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, 1942–1943" (New York: Johnson, Drake & Piper, Inc., 1943). That book contains photographs and drawings showing wartime projects around the Middle East.

From Massawa, Ellsberg went to North Africa to become Principal Salvage Officer in that theater. He worked under Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the British officer commanding naval forces in the area. Ellsberg's activities were detailed in his book No Banners, No Bugles.

Ellsberg, worn out from constant work, was ordered home in early 1943 to recuperate.

After a time inspecting ship construction activities, Ellsberg was sent to England in time for the Normandy Invasion, where he was instrumental in setting up the Mulberry harbour off the Normandy Beach. He also prepared 89 damaged or superannuated ships for scuttling to make artificial harbors. That operation gained him great admiration in Britain where he was appointed an honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). Ellsberg described his experiences in his book, The Far Shore.

Retirement

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Gravesite of Rear Admiral Ellsberg – Willimantic, CT

He rose to the rank of rear admiral before he retired from active duty in 1951 to enjoy Maine and Florida with his wife of 33 years. He continued to write, to lecture, and to consult on engineering projects. He died in 1983 at the age of 91, and is buried in Willimantic, Connecticut.[4]

Decorations

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Rear Admiral Ellsberg's ribbon bar:

Gold star
Bronze star
Bronze star
1st Row Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit with Gold Star
2nd Row World War I Victory Medal American Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two service stars
3rd Row World War II Victory Medal Officer of the Order of the British Empire Ecuador Order of Abdon Calderón, 1st Class

Publications

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Writing was an Ellsberg hobby. He wrote many articles and reports. His books include the following:

  • Report on Salvage Operations: Submarine S-51. (Washington: US GPO, 1927)
  • On the Bottom. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1929)
  • Thirty Fathoms Deep. Fiction, The first in a trilogy of salvaging gold from the Santa Cruz shipwreck, (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1930)
  • Pigboats. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1931)
    Adapted for the movie Hell Below (1933)
  • S-54, Stories of the Sea. ( New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1932)
  • Ocean Gold. The second in a trilogy of salvaging gold from the Santa Cruz shipwreck, (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1935)
  • Spanish Ingots. The third in a trilogy of salvaging gold from the Santa Cruz shipwreck, republished under the titles "Submarine Treasure" & "Treasure Below". (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1936)
  • Hell on Ice: The Saga of the 'Jeannette'. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1938)
    See the article on the USS Jeannette (1878)
  • Men Under the Sea. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1939)
  • Treasure Below. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1940)
  • Captain Paul. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1941)
  • 'I Have Just Begun To Fight!' the Story of John Paul Jones. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1942)
  • Under the Red Sea Sun. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1946)
  • No Banners, No Bugles. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1949)
  • Cruise of the Jeannette, 1949, about the Jeannette Expedition
  • Passport for Jennifer. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Compney, 1952)
  • Mid Watch, a Novel. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1954)
  • The Far Shore. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1960)
[edit]
  • John Alden. Salvage man : Edward Ellsberg and the United States Navy. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998)
  • "Ellsberg, Edward". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (1942). F:116–117.
  • "Ellsberg, Edward 1891–". Contemporary Authors, 5–8 (First Revision):347–348. 1969.
  • "Ellsberg, Edward 1891–". Something About the Author, 7:78–79. 1975.
  • "Edward Ellsberg, Naval Salvage Expert, Dies" New York Times. January 26, 1983. Page 17.

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Edward Ellsberg

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Edward Ellsberg (November 21, 1891 – January 24, 1983) was an American naval officer, marine engineer, and author renowned for pioneering deep-sea salvage operations and writing popular accounts of his daring exploits that captured public imagination and advanced naval capabilities.[1] Graduating first in his United States Naval Academy class of 1914, Ellsberg excelled in engineering and seamanship before specializing in ship construction and salvage with the Navy's Construction Corps.[1] In 1925, he led the historic salvage of the sunken submarine USS S-51 (sunk in 1925 and raised in 1926) off Block Island, devising innovative pontoons, training divers, and inventing an improved underwater cutting torch to overcome extreme challenges in 132 feet of water; this achievement earned him the Distinguished Service Medal, the first ever granted for a peacetime operation.[1] His efforts on the subsequent S-4 incident in 1927 further highlighted submarine safety issues and spurred reforms.[1] During World War II, Ellsberg returned to active duty and achieved remarkable successes, including the "miracle of Massawa" in 1942, where he raised scuttled Italian vessels, refurbished dozens of ships, and reopened critical facilities in Eritrea under harsh conditions.[1] He later served as chief salvage officer in the Mediterranean and contributed to preparations for the Normandy invasion, clearing beach obstacles on D-Day.[1] His wartime service earned him two Legions of Merit and appointment as a Commander in the Order of the British Empire.[1] Ellsberg authored seventeen books, including bestsellers such as On the Bottom (detailing the S-51 salvage), Under the Red Sea Sun (on Massawa), and No Banners, No Bugles (covering North Africa), which brought naval salvage and history to wide audiences while influencing public and congressional support for related advancements.[1] He died on January 24, 1983.[1]

Early life and education

Family background and childhood

Edward Ellsberg was born on November 21, 1891, in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Joseph Ellsberg and Edna Lavine Ellsberg, Russian Jewish immigrants.[2][3] When he was one year old, his family relocated to Denver, Colorado, where his father became a dairyman.[3] Ellsberg grew up in Denver, a landlocked area far from the ocean, and spent most of his youth in the region.[3] Reflecting on his childhood, he noted that the nearly total lack of water on the surrounding prairies fostered an early, vicarious interest in ships and the absent sea.[4]

United States Naval Academy and early naval training

Edward Ellsberg graduated with distinction from the United States Naval Academy in June 1914, ranking first in his class. [2] He was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Navy on June 6, 1914. [2] During his time at the Academy, he excelled in multiple areas, winning two medals in fencing, authoring two prize essays, and earning top honors in seamanship, navigation, and ordnance. [1] Following graduation, Ellsberg was assigned to the battleship USS Texas, where he served for eighteen months. [2] In January 1916, he returned to Annapolis for postgraduate instruction in naval construction at the Naval Academy's Postgraduate School and continued the course at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [2] This specialized training in naval architecture and marine engineering formed a key part of his early professional development in the Navy. [2]

Naval career

World War I service and interwar period

Edward Ellsberg was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Navy upon graduating from the United States Naval Academy in 1914. [5] He remained on continuous active duty from 1914 until 1926, encompassing his service during World War I. [5] In the postwar years, Ellsberg pursued advanced technical education while serving in the Navy, earning a Master of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1920. [5] During the interwar period, he developed specialized expertise in undersea salvage and rescue operations through study and practical experience in naval engineering. [5] This growing proficiency in diving and salvage techniques positioned him for significant responsibilities in submarine-related projects by the mid-1920s. [5] No specific decorations or commendations from his World War I service or early interwar assignments are recorded in available biographical accounts. [5]

Pioneering submarine salvage operations

Edward Ellsberg pioneered submarine salvage operations in the 1920s, leading groundbreaking efforts to raise sunken U.S. Navy submarines from open-ocean depths using innovative techniques that advanced naval diving and recovery capabilities. His work on the USS S-51 represented the first successful raising of a submarine under such challenging conditions. The USS S-51 sank on 25 September 1925 after a collision with the steamer City of Rome approximately 12 miles east of Block Island, settling at a depth of 132 feet with only three survivors out of 36 crew members. As salvage officer under Captain Ernest J. King, Lieutenant Commander Ellsberg devised the plan, personally qualified as a deep-sea diver—the first Construction Corps officer to do so—and invented an improved underwater cutting torch to facilitate operations. Divers sealed intact compartments, expelled water for buoyancy, blew ballast and fuel tanks, and positioned eight large steel pontoons around the hull using heavy chains passed through hand-dug tunnels in the clay seabed, with compressed air providing primary lift. After halting for winter weather and overcoming a partial raising on 22 June 1926 that required deliberately re-sinking the wreck due to a storm, the S-51 was successfully surfaced on 5 July 1926 and towed 150 miles to the Brooklyn Navy Yard despite grounding incidents en route. This marked the first time any nation had raised a submarine from the open sea, employed pontoons for deep-water lift, or towed a pontoon-suspended submarine such a distance.[6][1] In December 1927, shortly after resigning for civilian work, Ellsberg volunteered for active duty and was sworn back into the Naval Reserve to assist with the USS S-4, which had been rammed and sunk off Cape Cod by a Coast Guard destroyer. He personally inspected the wreck at significant personal risk once diving conditions allowed and contributed to the salvage efforts following unsuccessful rescue attempts for trapped survivors.[1][7] For his leadership in the USS S-51 operation, Ellsberg received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, an award shared with key participants including King and Lieutenant Henry Hartley and notable as among the first granted for peacetime service. The citation highlighted his exceptionally meritorious performance in a duty of great responsibility. These achievements earned Ellsberg national prominence, established essential methods and diver training protocols for future submarine salvage, and made his detailed S-51 report a foundational reference for naval operations. These experiences also informed his subsequent non-fiction writings on undersea salvage.[1][7]

World War II salvage missions

In January 1942, Lieutenant Commander Edward Ellsberg was sent to Massawa, Eritrea, to rehabilitate the Italian naval base and salvage the harbor, which had been wrecked and blocked by scuttled vessels before the Italian evacuation and British takeover in 1941.[8] Working with tireless energy under extreme heat and humidity, limited equipment, and initial shortages of divers and salvage gear, he achieved successful results in salvaging and repairing vital naval facilities.[8] He took charge of a British-towed floating drydock early on and began servicing Mediterranean supply ships shortly after arrival.[1] In a notable early success, Ellsberg raised a large Italian floating drydock—considered unsalvageable due to extensive sabotage—in just nine days, impressing Army and British observers and contributing to his promotion to captain on May 25, 1942.[1][2] Over the following months, his team refloated four cargo ships, one additional floating drydock, and one floating crane, while refurbishing more than eighty supply ships and performing emergency repairs on three British cruisers using an undersized drydock.[1] These operations cleared critical blockages in the harbor and restored Massawa as a functional repair base, supporting Allied shipping in the Red Sea and reducing the need for vessels to travel long distances for drydocking amid the North African campaign.[8] Equipment salvaged and repaired at Massawa was later transported to other North African areas for further Allied salvage work.[8] Ellsberg collaborated closely with British forces throughout the mission, receiving praise from the British Admiralty and commendations for his contributions to Allied efforts.[8] For his exceptionally meritorious conduct in establishing the Massawa Naval Base from January 8, 1942, to April 5, 1943, he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the United States.[8] He also received appointment as Commander of the Order of the British Empire from Great Britain for his wartime service.[8] Detached from Massawa on April 5, 1943, he returned to the United States and reported to the Bureau of Ships on April 17, 1943.[8] His experiences leading the Massawa salvage operation later became the subject of his book Under the Red Sea Sun.[8]

Literary career

Non-fiction books on salvage and undersea exploration

Edward Ellsberg authored several influential non-fiction books that documented his pioneering work in marine salvage and undersea operations, drawing directly from his experiences as a naval officer. [9] His first major work, On the Bottom (1929), provides a detailed account of the hazardous salvage of the sunken U.S. submarine USS S-51 off Block Island, Rhode Island, an operation that earned him promotion to commander by a special act of Congress. [9] The book describes the technical challenges, risks to divers, and innovative methods used to raise the vessel from 132 feet of water. [10] In 1939, Ellsberg published Men Under the Sea, a broader narrative covering the history and practice of deep-sea diving, ship rescue, salvage operations, and treasure exploration. [11] The work compiles stories from his career and others, emphasizing the expertise and dangers involved in undersea work, and has been recognized as offering a singular perspective on marine salvage within naval literature. [12] Under the Red Sea Sun (1946) serves as a memoir of his World War II service as salvage officer in Massawa, Eritrea, where he directed efforts to reopen the harbor by raising or removing numerous ships scuttled by retreating Italian forces under extreme heat and logistical difficulties. [13] The book recounts the day-to-day challenges of wartime salvage in harsh conditions and the strategic importance of restoring the port for Allied supply lines. [14] Ellsberg's non-fiction works on salvage helped educate the public about the complexities of undersea operations and the bravery required in the field, contributing to greater appreciation of naval engineering achievements. [15]

Fiction and historical adventure works

Edward Ellsberg produced several works of fiction and historical adventure, drawing on naval and exploratory themes while employing narrative techniques to dramatize events. His 1931 novel Pigboats, published by Dodd, Mead, offers a fictional depiction of submarine warfare during World War I.[16] This work served as the basis for the 1933 film Hell Below.[9] In 1938, Ellsberg released Hell on Ice: The Saga of the "Jeannette", a narrative account of the USS Jeannette's ill-fated 1879–1881 polar expedition under Captain George W. De Long, presented through a blend of historical documentation and fictionalized elements.[16][17] Published by Dodd, Mead, the book recounts the crew's struggles against Arctic ice and extreme conditions following the ship's crushing and abandonment. Ellsberg's 1941 novel Captain Paul, also from Dodd, Mead, is a fictional biography of Revolutionary War naval hero John Paul Jones, exploring his career and exploits through a dramatized historical lens.[16]

Film contributions and adaptations

Edward Ellsberg's 1931 novel Pigboats served as the basis for the 1933 MGM film Hell Below, a pre-Code drama directed by Jack Conway.[1] The film depicts submarine warfare in the Adriatic Sea during World War I, focusing on the intense pressures and moral dilemmas faced by a submarine crew.[18] It starred Walter Huston as the strict commanding officer "Dead-Pan" Smith and Robert Montgomery as Lieutenant Ed "Brick" Walters, alongside Madge Evans.[19] The screenplay was adapted by Laird Doyle and Raymond L. Schrock from Ellsberg's book, with additional dialogue by John Lee Mahin and John Meehan; Ellsberg received credit for the source material under his full title as Commander Edward Ellsberg.[20] The production emphasized realistic undersea sequences, including tense dives, crew strain, and the psychological toll of confined submarine operations, elements rooted in the novel's portrayal of naval life.[21] This adaptation represents Ellsberg's primary documented contribution to film, drawing on his expertise in submarine service to influence early cinematic depictions of undersea warfare, though no other major screen credits or technical consultations are widely recorded.[1]

Personal life

Marriage and family

Edward Ellsberg married Lucy Knowlton Buck in 1918, and the couple remained together for 60 years until her death in 1978.[3] Lucy, who died on June 15, 1978, in Southwest Harbor, Maine, was survived by her husband Admiral Edward Ellsberg as well as their grandchildren and a great-grandchild.[22] In lieu of flowers, contributions were suggested to the Mary Ellsberg Pollard Memorial Scholarship Fund at Hollins College, indicating the family's connection to their daughter Mary.[22] The Ellsbergs had one daughter, Mary Phillips Ellsberg, described in contemporary accounts as the only daughter of Edward Ellsberg.[23] Mary later became known as Mary Ellsberg Pollard, and she predeceased her parents.[22] Edward Ellsberg was survived by his grandson Edward Ellsberg Pollard of Wayne, Pennsylvania, his granddaughter Ann Pollard Heilakka of Brooklyn, and his great-grandchild Nicholas Pollard of Wayne.[3]

Later years and death

Retirement and final activities

After the conclusion of his World War II service, Ellsberg was released from active duty on April 3, 1945, following his assignment as Supervisor of Shipbuilding and Naval Inspector of Ordnance in Cleveland, Ohio.[2][1] He was commissioned a permanent Captain on May 27, 1945, and advanced to the rank of Rear Admiral upon retirement, effective December 1, 1951.[2] In retirement, Ellsberg resumed engineering consulting work and continued his prolific writing career.[1] His book Under the Red Sea Sun, detailing his Massawa salvage operations, was published shortly after the war and met with immediate success.[1] Subsequent publications included Cruise of the Jeannette and No Banners, No Bugles, with his final book The Far Shore appearing in 1960.[1] He maintained his consulting practice until 1958.[1] In his later years, Ellsberg divided his time between residences in Maine and St. Petersburg, Florida.[1] He received honorary degrees from Bowdoin College and the University of Maine.[1] During the 1960s, he remained active in naval circles by presenting awards to graduating recruits at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, addressing officers at the Navy’s salvage school, and speaking at the launching of the guided-missile frigate Talbot (FFG-4).[1]

Death and honors

Edward Ellsberg died on January 24, 1983, at the age of 91. [2] [15] He passed away from cancer at Bryn Mawr Hospital in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. [15] For the preceding three decades, he had resided in St. Petersburg Beach, Florida. [3] Ellsberg was buried in Old Willimantic Cemetery in Willimantic, Connecticut. [4] The U.S. Navy accorded him full military honors in recognition of his long service as a salvage expert and rear admiral. [1] No major posthumous awards are recorded beyond this final tribute.

Legacy

Edward Ellsberg is recognized as a pioneer in modern marine salvage techniques for leading the first successful raising of a submarine in the open ocean, the USS S-51, sunk at 132 feet off Block Island in 1925.[1][2] His comprehensive report on the S-51 salvage established a foundational guide for future submarine recovery efforts.[1] Ellsberg's work advanced submarine safety and rescue doctrine through his persistent advocacy and detailed accounts that highlighted deficiencies in Navy salvage capabilities.[1] Techniques and equipment developed during his projects influenced subsequent operations, including the rescue of survivors from the USS Squalus in 1939.[3] Edward Ellsberg made significant contributions to popular literature on diving and undersea adventure through seventeen books that reached wide audiences.[1] His firsthand narrative of the S-51 salvage serialized in The Saturday Evening Post, brought dramatic insight into deep-sea work and captivated readers.[1][3] His novel Pigboats was adapted into the film Hell Below, extending his influence on public perceptions of submarine operations and salvage heroism.[3] In naval history, Ellsberg received enduring recognition, including the first peacetime Distinguished Service Medal for the S-51 salvage, promotion to commander by Special Act of Congress, multiple Legion of Merit awards for wartime contributions, and appointment as Commander of the Order of the British Empire.[2][1] The Navy conducted a memorial service for him in 1983, affirming his lasting impact on professional salvage practices and submarine rescue doctrine.[1]

References

  1. https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1997/october/salvage-man
  2. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/modern-biographical-files-ndl/modern-bios-e/ellsberg-edward.html
  3. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/26/obituaries/edward-ellsberg-naval-salvage-expert-dies.html
  4. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/57370714
  5. http://www.edwardellsberg.com/bio.htm
  6. https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2014/june/impossible-salvage
  7. https://archive.navalsubleague.org/1998/salvage-man-ellsberg-and-the-u-s-navy-by-alden-capt-stoehr
  8. https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/library/research-guides/modernbios/e/ellsberg-edward_Redacted.pdf
  9. https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms019002.3
  10. https://www.biblio.com/on-the-bottom-by-ellsberg-edward/work/209816
  11. https://books.google.com/books/about/Men_Under_the_Sea.html?id=vFpKCUwfEmgC
  12. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/39942105-men-under-the-sea
  13. https://archive.org/details/underredseasun00ells
  14. https://www.amazon.com/Under-Red-Commander-Edward-Ellsberg/dp/B001MSPPVS
  15. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/01/24/Adm-Edward-Ellsberg-Navy-salvage-expert-dies-at-91/9032412232400/
  16. https://www.edwardellsberg.com/edward-ellsbergrsquos-books.html
  17. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/72716
  18. https://www.tcm.com/articles/81887/hell-below
  19. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0024100/
  20. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0024100/fullcredits/
  21. http://pre-code.com/hell-below-1933-review-with-robert-montgomery-walter-huston-and-madge-evans/
  22. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/18/archives/obituary-3-no-title.html
  23. https://time.com/archive/6865792/milestones-dec-20-1943/
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