Emma Vasilyevna Gapchenko (Russian: Эмма Васильевна Гапченко; 24 February 1938 – 6 December 2021) was a Russian archer. She won three gold medals at the world championships in 1969–73 and a bronze medal at the 1972 Olympics. At the European championships she won the team gold medal in 1970–74 and individual silvers in 1970 and 1974. She never won a Soviet title.

Gapchenko trained in running, swimming and volleyball before taking up archery at an advanced age of 28. After retiring from competitions she worked as an archery coach and judge.

She died on 6 December 2021, at the age of 83.