Enameloid

Enameloid, also known as durodentine or vitrodentine, is an enamel-like tissue found in fish. It is the primary outer component of shark odontodes (teeth and dermal denticles),^[1][2][3] and modified forms of enameloid also occur in the teeth and scales of actinopterygian (ray finned) fishes and stem-group gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates).^[3] In extinct, armored jawless vertebrates such as heterostracans, enameloid forms the outer component of shell-like dermal armor.^[3][4] Although the origin of enameloid is debated, it is probably homologous to dentine rather than true enamel, despite its enamel-like strength and development. The term covers any hyper-mineralized tissue with an organic "scaffold" consisting of ectodermal and ectomesenchymal proteins.^[1][2][5]

1. ^ ^{a b} Sire, Jean-Yves; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Vickaryous, Matthews K. (2009). "Origin and evolution of the integumentary skeleton in non-tetrapod vertebrates". Journal of Anatomy. 214 (4): 409–440. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01046.x. ISSN 1469-7580. PMC 2736117. PMID 19422423.
2. ^ ^{a b} Gillis, J.; Donoghue, P. (2007). "The homology and phylogeny of chondrichthyan tooth enameloid". Journal of Morphology. 268 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1002/jmor.10501. PMID 17146771.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Kawasaki, Kazuhiko; Keating, Joseph N.; Nakatomi, Mitsushiro; Welten, Monique; Mikami, Masato; Sasagawa, Ichiro; Puttick, Mark N.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Ishiyama, Mikio (2021-01-22). "Coevolution of enamel, ganoin, enameloid, and their matrix SCPP genes in osteichthyans". iScience. 24 (1). doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.102023. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 7814152. PMID 33506188.
4. ^ Keating, Joseph N.; Marquart, Chloe L.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2015). "Histology of the heterostracan dermal skeleton: Insight into the origin of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton". Journal of Morphology. 276 (6): 657–680. doi:10.1002/jmor.20370. ISSN 1097-4687. PMC 4979667. PMID 25829358.
5. ^ "Palaeos Vertebrates: Bones: Teeth: Overview-2". 2010-09-10. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2020-05-07.

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