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Enrique Gil Robles
Enrique Gil Robles (1849–1908) was a Spanish law scholar and a Carlist theorist. In popular public discourse he is known mostly as father of José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. In scholarly debate he is recognized principally as one of key ideologues of Traditionalism; some authors view him also as major representative of a theory of law known as Iusnaturalismo.
Enrique's paternal ancestors were a family of modest hidalgos from Leon. His grandfather, Juan Gil, settled in the town of Villafranca del Bierzo, serving as administrator of real estates belonging to Marqués de Villafranca and those owned by the local Catholic Church. Though a conservative, during Trienio Liberal (1821–1823) Gil was particularly active enlarging Villafranca's holdings by massive purchases of former Church property, put on sale during the first wave of desamortización. Following the death of marqués, audit of his possessions performed by state officials revealed that there were 20,114 reales missing. Though there were many doubts lingering, Gil left in disgrace and settled in Ponferrada.
Juan's oldest son, Enrique Gil y Carrasco, served in the cristino army during the First Carlist War and later became one of the best known Spanish authors of Romanticism. Before moving on diplomatic mission to Prussia he worked as local tax collector; since the job was inheritable, it was taken over by Juan's younger son and the future father of Enrique, Eugenio Gil y Carrasco (1819–?). Eugenio also demonstrated some knack for letters; following premature death of his brother he edited his works and published some himself. They were intended to preserve the memory of his late sibling, though Eugenio published also poems, few dedicated to his son. He married María Robles Burruezo, a native of Málaga. The couple settled in Salamanca, where Eugenio continued as "administrador de rentas reales".
There is very little information available on the childhood years of the young Enrique, except that he was very early orphaned by his mother. He obtained bachillerato in Filosofía y Letras in Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza of Salamanca in 1864, studied law at the Salamanca University but graduated in derecho civil y canónico in Universidad Central in 1868. Upon the 1870 foundation of Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza in Ponferrada he was employed as "profesor interino" and commenced teaching historia universal, historia de España and retórica y poética, in the early 1870s assuming also the chair of psicología, lógica y ética. Simultaneously he was pursuing doctoral research in Madrid; he defended the PhD thesis in 1872. Already a doctor, in 1875 he became full titular professor of the Ponferrada Instituto.
As a 45-year-old Enrique Gil Robles married Petra Quiñones Armesto, originating from Ponferrada. The couple had 3 children, born between 1894 and 1898; the oldest son died few days after birth. The second and the youngest son, José María, as leader of CEDA became one of the best known politicians of the Second Spanish Republic; acknowledging nationwide renown of his father, he adopted the name of José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. His son and Enrique's grandson, José María Gil-Robles y Gil-Delgado, following the Spanish transition to democracy became one of the country leading politicians; active in Alianza Popular and Partido Popular, in 1997-1999 he was president of the European Parliament.
In 1874 Gil apparently intended to take part in contest for chairs of elementos de derecho publico y administrativo español, to be held by universities in Oviedo, Valencia and Granada. Though admitted, for reasons which are not clear he did not attend the hearings. In July 1875 he did, however, participate in the contest for chairing cátedra de derecho político y administrativo in his native University of Salamanca, and emerged successful, in 1876 nominated catedrático numerario. He will occupy this post for the next 32 years, failing to show up at university premises only 4 days before death. The only difference in his assignment was that at some point the cátedra was split in two, and Gil continued as chair of derecho político.
A number of times Gil attempted to move away from Salamanca. In 1881 he was unsuccessful when applying for the same chair in Barcelona. The appeal was turned down by the ministry, but his victorious contender resigned and Gil was appointed in due course. However, shortly afterwards Gil resigned as well, quoting "unforeseen circumstances", and resumed his Salamanca duties. In 1882-1883 he fielded his candidature for derecho publico at Universidad Central in Madrid; the attempt was unsuccessful following some repeated changes of the admission procedure, which might be interpreted as aimed against Gil. In 1883-1886 he applied to enter the contest for cátedra de historia del derecho at Central, but was not admitted on legal grounds; similarly, he was rejected in 1885 for literatura jurídica and in 1886 for derecho canónico, always at Central. In 1891 he resumed his attempt for historia in Madrid, again to no avail. In 1901 Gil presented his bid for chair of Estudios Superiores de Derecho penal y de Antropología criminal, again in the capital, and was again unsuccessful.
Gil was building his academic position over time. In the early 1880s he had to suffer aggression from liberal circles both in the city and at the Salamanca university; as late as in the mid-1880s he was referred to as "almost unknown" in the world of Spanish law scholars. Gradually gaining recognition, throughout his career Gil was a number of times acting as judge in numerous contests for academic chairs across Spain and took part in national juridical congresses. He was also popular among students, who appreciated his clear style combined with courtesy and benevolence. Temporarily rising to dean of the law faculty, in the early 1890s Gil, along Mariano Arés Sanz, was already among the most prestigious Salamanca scholars; indeed by the end of the decade together with other neo-Thomists he dominated the Salamanca intellectual realm and was largely responsible for conservative reputation of the university. At the turn of the centuries it was rather the newcomers with pro-socialist leaning, like Miguel de Unamuno, who had to struggle against overwhelmingly conservative ambience. Largely aided by arrival of Pedro Dorado Montero, they gained ground in the 1900s, though Gil Robles until his death remained an iconic Salamanca figure.
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Enrique Gil Robles
Enrique Gil Robles (1849–1908) was a Spanish law scholar and a Carlist theorist. In popular public discourse he is known mostly as father of José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. In scholarly debate he is recognized principally as one of key ideologues of Traditionalism; some authors view him also as major representative of a theory of law known as Iusnaturalismo.
Enrique's paternal ancestors were a family of modest hidalgos from Leon. His grandfather, Juan Gil, settled in the town of Villafranca del Bierzo, serving as administrator of real estates belonging to Marqués de Villafranca and those owned by the local Catholic Church. Though a conservative, during Trienio Liberal (1821–1823) Gil was particularly active enlarging Villafranca's holdings by massive purchases of former Church property, put on sale during the first wave of desamortización. Following the death of marqués, audit of his possessions performed by state officials revealed that there were 20,114 reales missing. Though there were many doubts lingering, Gil left in disgrace and settled in Ponferrada.
Juan's oldest son, Enrique Gil y Carrasco, served in the cristino army during the First Carlist War and later became one of the best known Spanish authors of Romanticism. Before moving on diplomatic mission to Prussia he worked as local tax collector; since the job was inheritable, it was taken over by Juan's younger son and the future father of Enrique, Eugenio Gil y Carrasco (1819–?). Eugenio also demonstrated some knack for letters; following premature death of his brother he edited his works and published some himself. They were intended to preserve the memory of his late sibling, though Eugenio published also poems, few dedicated to his son. He married María Robles Burruezo, a native of Málaga. The couple settled in Salamanca, where Eugenio continued as "administrador de rentas reales".
There is very little information available on the childhood years of the young Enrique, except that he was very early orphaned by his mother. He obtained bachillerato in Filosofía y Letras in Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza of Salamanca in 1864, studied law at the Salamanca University but graduated in derecho civil y canónico in Universidad Central in 1868. Upon the 1870 foundation of Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza in Ponferrada he was employed as "profesor interino" and commenced teaching historia universal, historia de España and retórica y poética, in the early 1870s assuming also the chair of psicología, lógica y ética. Simultaneously he was pursuing doctoral research in Madrid; he defended the PhD thesis in 1872. Already a doctor, in 1875 he became full titular professor of the Ponferrada Instituto.
As a 45-year-old Enrique Gil Robles married Petra Quiñones Armesto, originating from Ponferrada. The couple had 3 children, born between 1894 and 1898; the oldest son died few days after birth. The second and the youngest son, José María, as leader of CEDA became one of the best known politicians of the Second Spanish Republic; acknowledging nationwide renown of his father, he adopted the name of José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. His son and Enrique's grandson, José María Gil-Robles y Gil-Delgado, following the Spanish transition to democracy became one of the country leading politicians; active in Alianza Popular and Partido Popular, in 1997-1999 he was president of the European Parliament.
In 1874 Gil apparently intended to take part in contest for chairs of elementos de derecho publico y administrativo español, to be held by universities in Oviedo, Valencia and Granada. Though admitted, for reasons which are not clear he did not attend the hearings. In July 1875 he did, however, participate in the contest for chairing cátedra de derecho político y administrativo in his native University of Salamanca, and emerged successful, in 1876 nominated catedrático numerario. He will occupy this post for the next 32 years, failing to show up at university premises only 4 days before death. The only difference in his assignment was that at some point the cátedra was split in two, and Gil continued as chair of derecho político.
A number of times Gil attempted to move away from Salamanca. In 1881 he was unsuccessful when applying for the same chair in Barcelona. The appeal was turned down by the ministry, but his victorious contender resigned and Gil was appointed in due course. However, shortly afterwards Gil resigned as well, quoting "unforeseen circumstances", and resumed his Salamanca duties. In 1882-1883 he fielded his candidature for derecho publico at Universidad Central in Madrid; the attempt was unsuccessful following some repeated changes of the admission procedure, which might be interpreted as aimed against Gil. In 1883-1886 he applied to enter the contest for cátedra de historia del derecho at Central, but was not admitted on legal grounds; similarly, he was rejected in 1885 for literatura jurídica and in 1886 for derecho canónico, always at Central. In 1891 he resumed his attempt for historia in Madrid, again to no avail. In 1901 Gil presented his bid for chair of Estudios Superiores de Derecho penal y de Antropología criminal, again in the capital, and was again unsuccessful.
Gil was building his academic position over time. In the early 1880s he had to suffer aggression from liberal circles both in the city and at the Salamanca university; as late as in the mid-1880s he was referred to as "almost unknown" in the world of Spanish law scholars. Gradually gaining recognition, throughout his career Gil was a number of times acting as judge in numerous contests for academic chairs across Spain and took part in national juridical congresses. He was also popular among students, who appreciated his clear style combined with courtesy and benevolence. Temporarily rising to dean of the law faculty, in the early 1890s Gil, along Mariano Arés Sanz, was already among the most prestigious Salamanca scholars; indeed by the end of the decade together with other neo-Thomists he dominated the Salamanca intellectual realm and was largely responsible for conservative reputation of the university. At the turn of the centuries it was rather the newcomers with pro-socialist leaning, like Miguel de Unamuno, who had to struggle against overwhelmingly conservative ambience. Largely aided by arrival of Pedro Dorado Montero, they gained ground in the 1900s, though Gil Robles until his death remained an iconic Salamanca figure.
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