Espiritu Santo languages
Espiritu Santo languages
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Espiritu Santo languages

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Espiritu Santo languages

The Espiritu Santo languages (alternatively Santo languages) are a group of North Vanuatu languages spoken on Espiritu Santo Island in northern Vanuatu. Tryon (2010) considers the Espiritu Santo languages to be a coherent group.

Two lists of Espiritu Santo languages from Tryon (2010) and François (2015) are provided below.

Tryon (2010) recognizes 33 living languages and 2 extinct languages. They are:

The following list of 38 Espiritu Santo languages is from Alexandre François et al. (2015:18-21).

John Lynch (2019) proposes the following classification scheme for the Espiritu Santo languages, with the development of bilabial consonants to linguolabials as the primary marker of the "Nuclear Santo" group:

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