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Fascism in South America
Although the fascist ideology originated in and is primarily associated with Europe, fascism crossed the Atlantic Ocean during the interwar period and influenced South American politics. In particular, Italian fascism had a deep impact in the region.
In 1934, at least six political parties in Latin America had their principles and/or ideologies inspired by Italy's National Fascist Party, including the Gold Shirts in Mexico, the namesake of which was based on the Italian Blackshirts. Several rulers, such as the first Argentine dictators of the Infamous Decade and Getúlio Vargas in the earlier part of the Vargas Era, were inspired by Benito Mussolini and his methods. The Italian fascist regime also took an active role in spreading fascist propaganda, and ideological influence, by working through Italian immigrant communities in South America. Additionally, fascist corporatism served as a model for economic policies in the region.
During the 1920s, Argentinian writer Leopoldo Lugones became a supporter of fascism, after which the country's coterie of pro-fascist intellectuals grew, including Juan Carulla, Ernesto Palacio, Manuel Gálvez, Carlos Ibarguren, Roberto de Laferrere, Mario Amadeo, and the brothers Rodolfo and Julio Irazusta. The fascists specifically gathered around the journal La Nueva Republica and expressed ideas reminiscent of those by French author Charles Maurras.
The fascist intellectuals grouped together under the name Afirmación de Una Nueva Argentina (ADUNA) as a loose alliance that struggled for support outside the intellectual elements of society. They did, however, work closely with the regime of José Félix Uriburu, which initially attempted to introduce corporatism inspired by Benito Mussolini, before giving way to the Infamous Decade.
Despite openly expressing their enthusiasm for fascism, ADUNA retained links to the established conservative political elements, with organized fascism being led by Thomist writer Nimio de Anquín whose Unión Nacional Fascista was active in various forms from the late 1920s until 1939. His fellow Thomist, Julio Meinvielle, also actively supported fascism and much of the anti-Semitism of Nazism as well. Meinvielle soon became the theological force behind the militant Tacuara Nationalist Movement.
Argentina came under the rule of Juan Perón in 1946, who is sometimes characterized as a fascist. However, the description of Peronism as a fascist ideology has proven controversial in academic circles.
Although the Falkland Islands have never had a fascist movement, the British overseas territory housed some British Union of Fascists members detained under Defence Regulation 18B during the Second World War. One detainee was Jeffrey Hamm, who was interned in the hull of a ship in Port Stanley harbor.
The status of the Falkland Islands was also an important issue for ADUNA, specifically the Irazusta brothers who wrote extensively on their desire to return the islands to Argentine sovereignty.
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Fascism in South America
Although the fascist ideology originated in and is primarily associated with Europe, fascism crossed the Atlantic Ocean during the interwar period and influenced South American politics. In particular, Italian fascism had a deep impact in the region.
In 1934, at least six political parties in Latin America had their principles and/or ideologies inspired by Italy's National Fascist Party, including the Gold Shirts in Mexico, the namesake of which was based on the Italian Blackshirts. Several rulers, such as the first Argentine dictators of the Infamous Decade and Getúlio Vargas in the earlier part of the Vargas Era, were inspired by Benito Mussolini and his methods. The Italian fascist regime also took an active role in spreading fascist propaganda, and ideological influence, by working through Italian immigrant communities in South America. Additionally, fascist corporatism served as a model for economic policies in the region.
During the 1920s, Argentinian writer Leopoldo Lugones became a supporter of fascism, after which the country's coterie of pro-fascist intellectuals grew, including Juan Carulla, Ernesto Palacio, Manuel Gálvez, Carlos Ibarguren, Roberto de Laferrere, Mario Amadeo, and the brothers Rodolfo and Julio Irazusta. The fascists specifically gathered around the journal La Nueva Republica and expressed ideas reminiscent of those by French author Charles Maurras.
The fascist intellectuals grouped together under the name Afirmación de Una Nueva Argentina (ADUNA) as a loose alliance that struggled for support outside the intellectual elements of society. They did, however, work closely with the regime of José Félix Uriburu, which initially attempted to introduce corporatism inspired by Benito Mussolini, before giving way to the Infamous Decade.
Despite openly expressing their enthusiasm for fascism, ADUNA retained links to the established conservative political elements, with organized fascism being led by Thomist writer Nimio de Anquín whose Unión Nacional Fascista was active in various forms from the late 1920s until 1939. His fellow Thomist, Julio Meinvielle, also actively supported fascism and much of the anti-Semitism of Nazism as well. Meinvielle soon became the theological force behind the militant Tacuara Nationalist Movement.
Argentina came under the rule of Juan Perón in 1946, who is sometimes characterized as a fascist. However, the description of Peronism as a fascist ideology has proven controversial in academic circles.
Although the Falkland Islands have never had a fascist movement, the British overseas territory housed some British Union of Fascists members detained under Defence Regulation 18B during the Second World War. One detainee was Jeffrey Hamm, who was interned in the hull of a ship in Port Stanley harbor.
The status of the Falkland Islands was also an important issue for ADUNA, specifically the Irazusta brothers who wrote extensively on their desire to return the islands to Argentine sovereignty.