February 3

February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 331 days remain until the end of the year in common years, while 332 remain in leap years.^[1] This date features several events of historical note, most prominently the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on February 3, 1870, which prohibits federal and state governments from denying citizens the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.^[2] The amendment, passed by Congress in 1869 as part of Reconstruction efforts following the Civil War, represented a formal extension of suffrage to African American men, though enforcement faced persistent resistance through discriminatory practices until later federal legislation.^[2] Other defining occurrences include the torpedoing of the USAT Dorchester by a German U-boat on February 3, 1943, during World War II, resulting in over 600 deaths but highlighting the heroism of four chaplains who sacrificed their life jackets to others, an act commemorated annually in the U.S. as Four Chaplains Day.^[3] In popular culture, February 3, 1959, marks the plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, that killed rock and roll pioneers Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, an event immortalized as "the day the music died" and symbolizing the perils of early touring in the genre. These incidents underscore February 3's association with pivotal advancements in civil rights, wartime valor, and cultural milestones amid human frailty.

Events

Pre-1600

On February 3, 1451, Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire died in Edirne at the age of 46 from illness, prompting the immediate ascension of his son Mehmed II to the throne. Mehmed, then 19 years old, had previously ruled briefly from 1444 to 1446 before his father's return amid military pressures; this second succession positioned him to consolidate Ottoman power in Anatolia and the Balkans, culminating in the conquest of Constantinople two years later.^[4] Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias and his crew achieved the first documented European landing on Africa's southern coast at Mossel Bay on February 3, 1488, after rounding the Cape of Good Hope the previous November.^[5] Sailing under orders from King John II to find a sea route to India, Dias's expedition had endured storms that pushed them southward; the landing allowed repairs to their damaged ships and interactions with Khoikhoi people, where they erected a padrão (stone pillar) to claim the territory, though hostile encounters limited prolonged contact.^[6] This event marked a pivotal step in European maritime expansion, proving the viability of circumnavigating Africa.^[7] The Battle of Diu took place on February 3, 1509, in the Arabian Sea near the port of Diu, India, where a Portuguese fleet of five carracks and four caravels commanded by viceroy Francisco de Almeida decisively defeated a larger coalition force comprising up to 100 vessels from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Sultanate of Gujarat, and supporting Venetian and Republic of Ragusa elements.^[8] The engagement, triggered by prior defeats at the Battle of Chaul and aimed at avenging Portuguese losses while disrupting Islamic control over Indian Ocean trade, saw Almeida's superior naval artillery and tactics inflict heavy casualties—estimated at over 5,000 killed on the opposing side—while suffering minimal losses of around 12 men.^[9] The victory entrenched Portuguese naval supremacy in the region, enabling dominance over spice trade routes to Europe and weakening Mamluk and Gujarati maritime power.^[10]

1601–1900

• 1637: The collapse of Tulip Mania begins in the Dutch Republic when a tulip auction in Haarlem fails to attract buyers, halting trading and precipitating a sharp decline in bulb prices that had reached speculative heights.^[11]
• 1690: The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in the Americas, printing bills of credit valued at 40,000 pounds to fund expeditions against French-held Acadia during King William's War.^[12]
• 1783: Spain acknowledges the independence of the United States in the preliminary articles of peace concluding the American Revolutionary War.^[13]
• 1807: British forces under Brigadier-General Samuel Auchmuty capture Montevideo from Spanish control during the Napoleonic Wars, securing a key South American port.^[13]
• 1809: The United States Congress organizes the Illinois Territory, encompassing present-day Illinois, Wisconsin, and parts of Michigan, as part of westward expansion efforts.^[13]
• 1830: The London Protocol, signed by Britain, France, and Russia, affirms the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Greece following its war of independence from the Ottoman Empire.^[13]
• 1863: Samuel Clemens first signs the pen name "Mark Twain" to a humorous travel piece published in the Territorial Enterprise newspaper in Virginia City, Nevada.^[13]
• 1864: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman launches the Meridian Campaign from Vicksburg, Mississippi, aimed at destroying Confederate infrastructure and supplies in a precursor to his March to the Sea.^[14]
• 1865: The Hampton Roads Conference convenes aboard the River Queen, where President Abraham Lincoln meets Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens, but negotiations impasse over terms for ending the American Civil War.^[13]
• 1867: Fifteen-year-old Prince Mutsuhito is proclaimed Emperor Meiji of Japan, marking the start of the Meiji era and rapid modernization reforms.^[13]
• 1870: Iowa becomes the 28th state to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, securing voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.^[13]
• 1887: The U.S. Congress enacts the Electoral Count Act to standardize procedures for counting electoral votes and resolving disputed presidential elections.^[13]
• 1900: William Goebel, Democratic candidate in Kentucky's disputed gubernatorial election, is shot by an assassin in Frankfort amid political violence; he is sworn in as governor before dying later that month.^[13]

1901–present

On February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, empowering the federal government to impose and collect income taxes without apportionment among the states or regard to census data.^[15] During World War II, February 3, 1945, marked the initiation of organized kamikaze attacks by Japanese forces against Allied naval targets in the Pacific, with pilots deliberately crashing aircraft into ships, resulting in significant casualties and damage to U.S. vessels off the Philippines. February 3, 1959, known as "The Day the Music Died," saw the deaths of rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, shortly after takeoff amid winter weather conditions; the chartered Beechcraft Bonanza struck the ground due to pilot error and poor visibility, killing all four aboard including the pilot.^[16] In the Space Race, February 3, 1966, the Soviet Luna 9 probe achieved the first successful soft landing on the Moon's surface in the Oceanus Procellarum region, transmitting panoramic images and confirming the lunar regolith's ability to support spacecraft weight, a milestone previously unaccomplished by any nation.^[17] February 3, 1972, initiated a week-long blizzard in northwestern Iran that buried villages under up to 8 meters (26 feet) of snow, leading to approximately 4,000 deaths primarily from hypothermia and starvation after prior drought left populations unprepared; entire communities were isolated, with rescue efforts hampered by blocked roads and extreme cold.^[18] February 2–3, 1989, a military coup in Paraguay ousted longtime dictator Alfredo Stroessner after 34 years in power, installing General Andrés Rodríguez as interim leader; the event ended Stroessner's regime, marked by authoritarian rule, human rights abuses, and economic isolation, paving the way for democratic transitions though initial reforms were limited.^[19] February 3, 1998, a U.S. Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler jet flying at low altitude severed a cable of the Cavalese ski lift in northern Italy, causing a cable car to plummet and killing all 20 passengers aboard; the incident, attributed to pilot error and violation of altitude regulations during a training flight, strained U.S.-Italian relations and led to court-martial convictions for the crew.^[20] In 2009, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered a formal apology to Indigenous Australians for the Stolen Generations, acknowledging the forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families under assimilation policies from 1910 to 1970; the address, broadcast nationally, committed to reconciliation measures but faced criticism for lacking specific reparations. February 3, 2026, Russia launched a major missile and drone attack on Ukrainian cities including Kyiv, targeting energy infrastructure such as power plants and substations as well as residential areas.^[21] On the same day, U.S. President Donald Trump announced a trade deal with India under which the U.S. reduced tariffs on Indian goods to 18% in exchange for India halting purchases of Russian oil.^[22] French authorities raided the Paris offices of X (formerly Twitter) as part of a cybercrime investigation involving allegations of algorithmic abuse and dissemination of illegal content.^[23]

Births

Pre-1600

On February 3, 1451, Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire died in Edirne at the age of 46 from illness, prompting the immediate ascension of his son Mehmed II to the throne. Mehmed, then 19 years old, had previously ruled briefly from 1444 to 1446 before his father's return amid military pressures; this second succession positioned him to consolidate Ottoman power in Anatolia and the Balkans, culminating in the conquest of Constantinople two years later.^[4] Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias and his crew achieved the first documented European landing on Africa's southern coast at Mossel Bay on February 3, 1488, after rounding the Cape of Good Hope the previous November.^[5] Sailing under orders from King John II to find a sea route to India, Dias's expedition had endured storms that pushed them southward; the landing allowed repairs to their damaged ships and interactions with Khoikhoi people, where they erected a padrão (stone pillar) to claim the territory, though hostile encounters limited prolonged contact.^[6] This event marked a pivotal step in European maritime expansion, proving the viability of circumnavigating Africa.^[7] The Battle of Diu took place on February 3, 1509, in the Arabian Sea near the port of Diu, India, where a Portuguese fleet of five carracks and four caravels commanded by viceroy Francisco de Almeida decisively defeated a larger coalition force comprising up to 100 vessels from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Sultanate of Gujarat, and supporting Venetian and Republic of Ragusa elements.^[8] The engagement, triggered by prior defeats at the Battle of Chaul and aimed at avenging Portuguese losses while disrupting Islamic control over Indian Ocean trade, saw Almeida's superior naval artillery and tactics inflict heavy casualties—estimated at over 5,000 killed on the opposing side—while suffering minimal losses of around 12 men.^[9] The victory entrenched Portuguese naval supremacy in the region, enabling dominance over spice trade routes to Europe and weakening Mamluk and Gujarati maritime power.^[10]

1601–1900

• 1637: The collapse of Tulip Mania begins in the Dutch Republic when a tulip auction in Haarlem fails to attract buyers, halting trading and precipitating a sharp decline in bulb prices that had reached speculative heights.^[11]
• 1690: The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in the Americas, printing bills of credit valued at 40,000 pounds to fund expeditions against French-held Acadia during King William's War.^[12]
• 1783: Spain acknowledges the independence of the United States in the preliminary articles of peace concluding the American Revolutionary War.^[13]
• 1807: British forces under Brigadier-General Samuel Auchmuty capture Montevideo from Spanish control during the Napoleonic Wars, securing a key South American port.^[13]
• 1809: The United States Congress organizes the Illinois Territory, encompassing present-day Illinois, Wisconsin, and parts of Michigan, as part of westward expansion efforts.^[13]
• 1830: The London Protocol, signed by Britain, France, and Russia, affirms the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Greece following its war of independence from the Ottoman Empire.^[13]
• 1863: Samuel Clemens first signs the pen name "Mark Twain" to a humorous travel piece published in the Territorial Enterprise newspaper in Virginia City, Nevada.^[13]
• 1864: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman launches the Meridian Campaign from Vicksburg, Mississippi, aimed at destroying Confederate infrastructure and supplies in a precursor to his March to the Sea.^[14]
• 1865: The Hampton Roads Conference convenes aboard the River Queen, where President Abraham Lincoln meets Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens, but negotiations impasse over terms for ending the American Civil War.^[13]
• 1867: Fifteen-year-old Prince Mutsuhito is proclaimed Emperor Meiji of Japan, marking the start of the Meiji era and rapid modernization reforms.^[13]
• 1870: Iowa becomes the 28th state to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, securing voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.^[13]
• 1887: The U.S. Congress enacts the Electoral Count Act to standardize procedures for counting electoral votes and resolving disputed presidential elections.^[13]
• 1900: William Goebel, Democratic candidate in Kentucky's disputed gubernatorial election, is shot by an assassin in Frankfort amid political violence; he is sworn in as governor before dying later that month.^[13]

1901–present

On February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, empowering the federal government to impose and collect income taxes without apportionment among the states or regard to census data.^[15] During World War II, February 3, 1945, marked the initiation of organized kamikaze attacks by Japanese forces against Allied naval targets in the Pacific, with pilots deliberately crashing aircraft into ships, resulting in significant casualties and damage to U.S. vessels off the Philippines. February 3, 1959, known as "The Day the Music Died," saw the deaths of rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, shortly after takeoff amid winter weather conditions; the chartered Beechcraft Bonanza struck the ground due to pilot error and poor visibility, killing all four aboard including the pilot.^[16] In the Space Race, February 3, 1966, the Soviet Luna 9 probe achieved the first successful soft landing on the Moon's surface in the Oceanus Procellarum region, transmitting panoramic images and confirming the lunar regolith's ability to support spacecraft weight, a milestone previously unaccomplished by any nation.^[17] February 3, 1972, initiated a week-long blizzard in northwestern Iran that buried villages under up to 8 meters (26 feet) of snow, leading to approximately 4,000 deaths primarily from hypothermia and starvation after prior drought left populations unprepared; entire communities were isolated, with rescue efforts hampered by blocked roads and extreme cold.^[18] February 2–3, 1989, a military coup in Paraguay ousted longtime dictator Alfredo Stroessner after 34 years in power, installing General Andrés Rodríguez as interim leader; the event ended Stroessner's regime, marked by authoritarian rule, human rights abuses, and economic isolation, paving the way for democratic transitions though initial reforms were limited.^[19] February 3, 1998, a U.S. Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler jet flying at low altitude severed a cable of the Cavalese ski lift in northern Italy, causing a cable car to plummet and killing all 20 passengers aboard; the incident, attributed to pilot error and violation of altitude regulations during a training flight, strained U.S.-Italian relations and led to court-martial convictions for the crew.^[20] In 2009, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered a formal apology to Indigenous Australians for the Stolen Generations, acknowledging the forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families under assimilation policies from 1910 to 1970; the address, broadcast nationally, committed to reconciliation measures but faced criticism for lacking specific reparations.

Deaths

Pre-1600

On February 3, 1451, Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire died in Edirne at the age of 46 from illness, prompting the immediate ascension of his son Mehmed II to the throne. Mehmed, then 19 years old, had previously ruled briefly from 1444 to 1446 before his father's return amid military pressures; this second succession positioned him to consolidate Ottoman power in Anatolia and the Balkans, culminating in the conquest of Constantinople two years later.^[4] Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias and his crew achieved the first documented European landing on Africa's southern coast at Mossel Bay on February 3, 1488, after rounding the Cape of Good Hope the previous November.^[5] Sailing under orders from King John II to find a sea route to India, Dias's expedition had endured storms that pushed them southward; the landing allowed repairs to their damaged ships and interactions with Khoikhoi people, where they erected a padrão (stone pillar) to claim the territory, though hostile encounters limited prolonged contact.^[6] This event marked a pivotal step in European maritime expansion, proving the viability of circumnavigating Africa.^[7] The Battle of Diu took place on February 3, 1509, in the Arabian Sea near the port of Diu, India, where a Portuguese fleet of five carracks and four caravels commanded by viceroy Francisco de Almeida decisively defeated a larger coalition force comprising up to 100 vessels from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Sultanate of Gujarat, and supporting Venetian and Republic of Ragusa elements.^[8] The engagement, triggered by prior defeats at the Battle of Chaul and aimed at avenging Portuguese losses while disrupting Islamic control over Indian Ocean trade, saw Almeida's superior naval artillery and tactics inflict heavy casualties—estimated at over 5,000 killed on the opposing side—while suffering minimal losses of around 12 men.^[9] The victory entrenched Portuguese naval supremacy in the region, enabling dominance over spice trade routes to Europe and weakening Mamluk and Gujarati maritime power.^[10]

1601–1900

• 1637: The collapse of Tulip Mania begins in the Dutch Republic when a tulip auction in Haarlem fails to attract buyers, halting trading and precipitating a sharp decline in bulb prices that had reached speculative heights.^[11]
• 1690: The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in the Americas, printing bills of credit valued at 40,000 pounds to fund expeditions against French-held Acadia during King William's War.^[12]
• 1783: Spain acknowledges the independence of the United States in the preliminary articles of peace concluding the American Revolutionary War.^[13]
• 1807: British forces under Brigadier-General Samuel Auchmuty capture Montevideo from Spanish control during the Napoleonic Wars, securing a key South American port.^[13]
• 1809: The United States Congress organizes the Illinois Territory, encompassing present-day Illinois, Wisconsin, and parts of Michigan, as part of westward expansion efforts.^[13]
• 1830: The London Protocol, signed by Britain, France, and Russia, affirms the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Greece following its war of independence from the Ottoman Empire.^[13]
• 1863: Samuel Clemens first signs the pen name "Mark Twain" to a humorous travel piece published in the Territorial Enterprise newspaper in Virginia City, Nevada.^[13]
• 1864: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman launches the Meridian Campaign from Vicksburg, Mississippi, aimed at destroying Confederate infrastructure and supplies in a precursor to his March to the Sea.^[14]
• 1865: The Hampton Roads Conference convenes aboard the River Queen, where President Abraham Lincoln meets Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens, but negotiations impasse over terms for ending the American Civil War.^[13]
• 1867: Fifteen-year-old Prince Mutsuhito is proclaimed Emperor Meiji of Japan, marking the start of the Meiji era and rapid modernization reforms.^[13]
• 1870: Iowa becomes the 28th state to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, securing voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.^[13]
• 1887: The U.S. Congress enacts the Electoral Count Act to standardize procedures for counting electoral votes and resolving disputed presidential elections.^[13]
• 1900: William Goebel, Democratic candidate in Kentucky's disputed gubernatorial election, is shot by an assassin in Frankfort amid political violence; he is sworn in as governor before dying later that month.^[13]

1901–present

On February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, empowering the federal government to impose and collect income taxes without apportionment among the states or regard to census data.^[15] During World War II, February 3, 1945, marked the initiation of organized kamikaze attacks by Japanese forces against Allied naval targets in the Pacific, with pilots deliberately crashing aircraft into ships, resulting in significant casualties and damage to U.S. vessels off the Philippines. February 3, 1959, known as "The Day the Music Died," saw the deaths of rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, shortly after takeoff amid winter weather conditions; the chartered Beechcraft Bonanza struck the ground due to pilot error and poor visibility, killing all four aboard including the pilot.^[16] In the Space Race, February 3, 1966, the Soviet Luna 9 probe achieved the first successful soft landing on the Moon's surface in the Oceanus Procellarum region, transmitting panoramic images and confirming the lunar regolith's ability to support spacecraft weight, a milestone previously unaccomplished by any nation.^[17] February 3, 1972, initiated a week-long blizzard in northwestern Iran that buried villages under up to 8 meters (26 feet) of snow, leading to approximately 4,000 deaths primarily from hypothermia and starvation after prior drought left populations unprepared; entire communities were isolated, with rescue efforts hampered by blocked roads and extreme cold.^[18] February 2–3, 1989, a military coup in Paraguay ousted longtime dictator Alfredo Stroessner after 34 years in power, installing General Andrés Rodríguez as interim leader; the event ended Stroessner's regime, marked by authoritarian rule, human rights abuses, and economic isolation, paving the way for democratic transitions though initial reforms were limited.^[19] February 3, 1998, a U.S. Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler jet flying at low altitude severed a cable of the Cavalese ski lift in northern Italy, causing a cable car to plummet and killing all 20 passengers aboard; the incident, attributed to pilot error and violation of altitude regulations during a training flight, strained U.S.-Italian relations and led to court-martial convictions for the crew.^[20] In 2009, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered a formal apology to Indigenous Australians for the Stolen Generations, acknowledging the forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families under assimilation policies from 1910 to 1970; the address, broadcast nationally, committed to reconciliation measures but faced criticism for lacking specific reparations.

Holidays and observances

Religious observances

In the Catholic liturgical calendar, February 3 marks the feast of Saint Blaise, a 4th-century Armenian bishop, physician, and martyr who suffered execution under Emperor Licinius for refusing to renounce his faith.^[24] Blaise is invoked as patron against throat diseases, stemming from a tradition that he miraculously cured a boy choking on a fishbone; on this date, clergy often perform a blessing using two crossed candles held against the throat of the faithful.^[25] The same day observes the optional memorial of Saint Ansgar, a 9th-century Benedictine monk and missionary archbishop who evangelized Denmark and Sweden, earning the title "Apostle of the North" for establishing churches and bishoprics amid Viking resistance.^[26] In Japan, February 3 (or the day before the traditional calendar's start of spring) features Setsubun, a Shinto-influenced ritual festival where participants hurl roasted soybeans to symbolically drive out evil spirits (oni) and invite good fortune, often shouting "Fortune in, demons out" while dressed as demons in some household or temple observances.^[27] Laylat al-Bara'ah, a night of forgiveness and divine mercy in some Sunni Muslim traditions observed on the 15th of Sha'ban, may coincide with February 3 in certain years due to the lunar Hijri calendar's variability, prompting prayers, Quran recitation, and reflection on mortality, though its exact observance differs by region and sect.^[28]

Secular holidays and awareness days

National Women Physicians Day is observed annually on February 3 in the United States to honor the achievements of women in medicine, specifically commemorating the birthday of Elizabeth Blackwell, born February 3, 1821, who became the first woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S. from Geneva Medical College in 1849.^[29][30] The observance, established in 2016 by the Physician Moms Group, promotes recognition of ongoing contributions by female physicians and addresses challenges such as underrepresentation, with women comprising about 37% of U.S. physicians as of recent data.^[31][32] National Missing Persons Day, also held on February 3, focuses on raising public awareness about missing individuals across the U.S., where over 600,000 people are reported missing annually according to FBI statistics, though most cases resolve quickly.^[33] The day encourages support for families and utilization of resources like the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs), emphasizing prevention and resolution efforts amid persistent cases involving vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly.^[34] The Day the Music Died Day marks February 3 as the anniversary of the 1959 plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, which killed musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, The Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson), and pilot Roger Peterson, ending their Winter Dance Party tour. This tragedy, later immortalized in Don McLean's 1971 song "American Pie," symbolizes a pivotal loss in early rock and roll history and prompts annual commemorations at sites like the Surf Ballroom, including music events and memorials.^[35] Other informal U.S. observances on February 3 include National Golden Retriever Day, initiated in 2012 to celebrate the breed's traits like loyalty and retrieving ability, which ranks it among the top five most popular dogs per American Kennel Club registrations.^[36][37] These lighter designations, often promoted via social media and pet organizations, lack official governmental status but foster community engagement.^[38]