The Federal Migration Service (Федеральная миграционная служба, ФМС России) was a federal law enforcement agency of Russia responsible for implementing the state policy on migration and also performing law enforcement functions, functions for control, supervision, and provision of public services in the field of migration. The Federal Migration Service was responsible for the issuing of Russian international passports, resident registration and immigration control in Russia. Headquartered in Moscow, the FMS was charged with the investigation and enforcement of over 500 federal statutes within the Russian Federation. The FMS was led by a Director who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Russia.

The FMS was one of the largest investigative agencies in the Russian government, following the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Investigative Committee of Russia and the FSKN.

The Russian Federal Migration Service was created on June 14, 1992, replacing the Migration Committee of the Ministry of Labor and Employment. The service was established on the basis of Governmental Decree No. 740 from September 22, 1992.

On April 5, 2016, the FMS was dissolved, and its functions and authorities were transferred to the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs, part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).

The Russian Federal Migration Service was created on June 14, 1992, replacing the Migration Committee of the Ministry of Labor and Employment.

In 1999, President of Russia Boris Yeltsin signed a decree to dissolve the FMS and reestablish it as Ministry for Federation Affairs, Nationalities and Migration Policy.

In 2001, the Ministry was dissolved and its functions were transferred to the MVD.

On February 23, 2002, President Putin organized the establishment of the Department for Migration Affairs under the MVD.