The Federal Treasury (Russian: Федеральное казначейство) is a federal executive body (federal service), which exercises enforcement functions to ensure the execution of the federal budget, cash servicing the execution of the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation, preliminary and current control over the conduct of operations with federal budget funds by the main administrators, managers and recipients of the federal budget. It was created pursuant decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1556 signed on December 8, 1992, and resolution of the Government of Russia of August 27, 1993 No. 864. The Regulation on the Federal Treasury was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 1, 2004 No. 703 “On the Federal Treasury”. Starting January 1, 2005, the Federal Treasury was separated from the Ministry of Finance with conversion to a federal service subordinate to that ministry and managed by it. The Treasury's headquarters is in the Apartment building of Joseph Volokolamski Compound (Russian: Доходный дом Иосифо-Волоколамского подворья) in central Moscow.

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 1, 2004 No. 703 assigns the following powers to the Federal Treasury:

communicates to the main administrators, administrators and recipients of the federal budget funds the indicators of the consolidated budget list, the limits of budgetary obligations and the amount of financing;