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Forchlorfenuron
View on Wikipedia | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
N-(2-Chloropyridin-4-yl)-N′-phenylurea | |
| Other names
N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea; CPPU; 4PU30 cpd
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.109.509 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C12H10ClN3O | |
| Molar mass | 247.68 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to off-white crystalline powder |
| Density | 1.3839 at 25 deg C |
| Melting point | 165-170 deg C |
| 39 mg/L (pH 6.4, 21 deg C) | |
| Solubility in methanol | 119 g/L |
| Solubility in ethanol | 149 g/L |
| Solubility in acetone | 127 g/L |
| Solubility in chloroform | 2.7 g/L |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Forchlorfenuron is a plant growth regulator.[2] It has been approved for use on kiwifruit and grapes in the United States.[3] It has been associated with news of the 2011 watermelons exploding incidents in China.[4]
Regulatory assessment
[edit]Forchlorfenuron is manufactured to a minimum purity of 97.8% and is marketed in the European Union as the 10 grammes/litre emulsifiable concentrate "SITOFEX EC". The 2017 European Food Safety Authority renewal review considered field-spray applications on kiwifruit and table grapes and found that, when used according to good agricultural practice, the substance provides consistent fruit-size enhancement with no critical efficacy issues identified.[5]
Safety tests showed that forchlorfenuron is quickly absorbed by the body (over 80% in animal studies), spreads throughout the body, is eliminated rapidly, and has low immediate toxicity; target‐organ effects in sub-chronic studies were limited to the liver, kidneys and blood parameters. It is classified as 'Carcinogen Category 2' (meaning it may possibly cause cancer, but evidence is limited) but is neither a reproductive toxicant nor an endocrine disruptor on current evidence. Reference values agreed during the renewal include an acceptable daily intake of 0.05 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day (a very small amount – for a 70 kg adult, this equals about 3.5 milligrams daily). The acute reference dose (ARfD) – the safe amount someone can consume in one day – was set at 0.5 mg per kg of bodyweight. The acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL) for agricultural workers and pesticide applicators was established at 0.16 mg per kg of body weight per day over their working lifetime. Operator, worker and by-stander exposures estimated with standard EU models were all below the AOEL without special protective equipment.[5]
In the environment, the active substance shows moderate-to-very-high persistence in aerobic soils and sediments, breaking down into a compound called 4-amino-2-chloropyridine, yet both compounds show low-to-slight soil mobility. Modelling indicated little potential for groundwater contamination (no more than 0.1 micrograms per litre – an extremely small amount) and predicted surface-water residues remained well below EU drinking-water limits, even in small edge-of-field water bodies. Ecotoxicological assessments concluded a low acute and chronic risk to birds, mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates, with remaining data gaps confined to algal diversity testing and honey-bee larval exposure via guttation water.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ "TOXNET". toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-05-31.
- ^ "Commission Directive 2006/10/EC of 27 January 2006 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include forchlorfenuron and indoxacarb as active substances. Official Journal of the European Union 2006-1-28". Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
- ^ "Pesticide Fact Sheet for new chemical: Forchlorfenuron; issued: September 2004. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (7501C)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
- ^ "Exploding watermelons! Acres of crops erupt - World news - Weird news - NBC News". NBC News. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
- ^ a b c Leuschner, R.; Lythgo, C.; Magrans, J. O.; Medina, P.; Miron, I.; Molnar, T.; Nougadere, A.; Padovani, L.; Parra Morte, J. M.; Pedersen, R.; Reich, H.; Sacchi, A.; Santos, M.; Serafimova, R.; Sharp, R.; Stanek, A.; Streissl, F.; Sturma, J.; Szentes, C.; Tarazona, J.; Terron, A.; Theobald, A.; Vagenende, B.; Verani, A.; Villamar-Bouza, L. (2017). "Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance forchlorfenuron". EFSA Journal. 15 (6): 4874. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4874. PMC 7010096.